3.
Perlocutionary
The utterances of speakers often have an effect or influence power. The effect produced by the utter something that is by Austin called perlocutionary.
9
The effect or reaction of the hearer from the utterance of the speaker is an act of perlocutionary. There are some verbs that can be sign of perlocutionary act. They
are persuading, receiving, pushing, annoy, frighten, delight, embarrassment, attract attention, and others. Examples:
Diana: the time now is 07.00 a.m. Sonia Sonia: Ok. Let’s go to school
Based on the example, the answer of Sonia is the effect from the utterance of Diana or known as perlocutionary acts.
Sometimes, in the conversation, we face an illocutionary acts which has a different perlocutionary acts. It happens because a factor, situation and social
relationship of the hearer. Example: Sealer: cookies for sale
Jony: I am sorry. I have a bunch of bread In other situation with different person:
Sealer: Miss, we made cookies. Do you want buy them? Rosy: Hmmm…the smell is good. I take all them.
9
Joshua c. Stone, Triadic to Trinitarian: Kevin J. Vanhoozer’a Application of J.L. Austin’s Speech
Act Theory, Eleutheria: A Graduated Student Journal. Vol. 1. 2010. P.63.
Based two conversations above, we know that the sealer gets different perlocution acts from different buyers. From the first buyer, he cannot buy
cookies because he has the bread. But, the second buyer buys the cookies because he does not buy anything to eat and he is interesting with the smell from the
cookies. For the conclusion we know that situation of hearer is the reason why the
different perlocution acts happens in conversation.
B. Classification of Illocutionary Acts
In connection with the above definition of speech acts, illocutionary acts are classified into five types by Searle. The five types of illocutionary acts are
representative, directive, expressive, commissive, and declarations.
1. Representative
Representative is a speech act that binds the speaker to the truth of the things he said.
10
This type of speech act is also referred to as assertive speech acts. That includes this type of speech act is a speech states, demanding, admits, shows,
reports, testified, speculating.
11
For examples from the movie Despicable Me 1: SuperBad, SuperDad recently, an entire top-secret lab disappeared from the
Arctic Circle. . from that example we know he reported a lab was disappear from the Arctic Circle. The speech includes speech acts containing information
representative because the speakers are bound by the truth of the contents of the
10
Charles F. Meyer, Introducing English Lingusitics. New York: Cambridge University Press.2009,.p.50
11
ibid
speech. Speakers are responsible that the spoken utterance was indeed a fact and can be proven in court that the studious sister and always get first rank in his
class.
2. Directives
Directive speech act is a speech act that has purpose to the hearer does what the speaker says. Directive speech act also known as speech act impositif.
12
For example to the speech acts of this kind include speech asking for, invite, insist, suggest, urge, enjoin, charge, commanding, urging, pleading, challenging,
and gesture.
13
For example from the movie Despicable Me:
“
You can leave now. . That utterance means than a minions has to leave him because he is very busy
now. The examples included in the speech act type of directive because it is spoken utterances that the speaker intended to perform the appropriate action
described in his utterance help repair tasks. Directive speech is an indicator of the presence of an action taken by the hearer after hearing the speech.
3. Expressive
This speech act is also called evaluative speech acts. Expressive speech act is a speech act that the speaker intended that his utterance interpreted as an
evaluation of the things mentioned in the speech, including speech thanked,
12
Jacob L. Mey, 2001, op.cit.p.120
13
Kushartanti, 2007,op. cit. p.110
complain, congratulate, flatter, praise, and criticize.
14
For example “Yes, thats good “. That utterance from the movie Despicable Me is a kind of people’s way to
praising of someone does. Hence, the utterance I work hard for money, but the results are still not able to provide for the family. The speech is expressive
speech acts complained of which can be interpreted as an evaluation of his utterance, namely the search for money that the results are not always able to meet
the needs of family life.
4. Commissive
Commissive speech act is a speech act that binds the speaker to carry out all the things mentioned in the utterance, for example, swear, promising, stating
ability, and vow.
15
For example from the movie Despicable me: Oh, yes. My pinky promises. . That utterance means he will fulfill what he promises to
someone. So, this statement makes binds the speaker to carry out the mandate as well as possible. This had repercussions for him to fulfill what had been his
utterance.
5. Declaration
Declaration is the speech of making an official statement about something status, state, etc.. This type is an impressive speech with intention, deciding,
cancel, forbids, grant, permit, classify, lifting, forgive, and forgive.
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The following example from the movie Despicable me: “Yes, I have been recruited by
14
Jacob L. Mey, 2001, op.cit.p.120
15
Sahar Four Altikriti, Speech Act Analysis to Short Story. Journal Language Teaching and Research, 2011.p. 1376.
16
Ibid.p.1367
