LISTENING 43
Malinda: I think it’s a tragedy how many people were killed and how much of Native American culture was lost after
Europeans arrived. Jose:
I agree that it was a terrible tragedy, but I think it’s important to remember that not everything was lost.
I mean, Native Americans have had a major popula- tion recovery in the last century. And a lot of Native
American tribes are really strong today. They’re car- rying on their traditions and taking back control of their
governments.
8. What event are the students discussing? a. the development of Native American cultures
b. U.S. policymaking regarding Native Americans c. the effect of European settlement on Native Americans
d. the arrival of the first people in North America
9. Why is Malinda surprised? a. She’s surprised that Native Americans were removed
from their homelands.
b. She’s surprised by the diversity of Native American cul-
tures.
c. She doesn’t believe that some Native American pop-
ulations have recently increased.
d. She can’t believe that common European diseases were
so deadly to the native population.
10. The students name some of the challenges that Native
Americans faced after European settlement. What were the two that they discussed?
a. malnutrition b. new diseases
44 TOEFL EXAM ESSENTIALS
c. killing of Native Americans by Europeans d. introduction of horses by Spanish
11. From the students’ comments, we can infer that a. European settlement drastically changed Native Amer-
icans’ way of life.
b. European settlers found few inhabitants when they
arrived.
c. Europeans did not benefit from contact with Native
Americans.
d. Native Americans had one culture and language. Questions 12 through 16 are based on the following mini-
lecture:
The Cuban Missile Crisis lasted only thirteen days. But those thir- teen, terrifying days make up the world’s closest brush with the
threat of nuclear war. There were several events that unfolded during the Cuban Missile Crisis.
First, on October 14, 1962, U.S. spy planes flying over Cuba spotted Soviet missile installations under construction. The mis-
siles were intermediate- and medium-range; they could carry nuclear weapons within the range of U.S. cities—putting the
people of New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles at risk. After con- sidering a surprise air strike, President Kennedy decided to
announce a naval blockade of Cuba.
But before he began the naval blockade, Kennedy made a worldwide radio and TV address on October 22. In the address,
he told the public about the discovery of the missiles and demanded that the Soviet Union remove them. He said that the
