have some differences. It means that we use these theories by trying to know how the author characterizes his characters’ personalities and characteristics.
2.1.4 Motivation
Beck explains that motivation is a factor that causes a person to do something continually toward the goal to achieve. “Motivation is broadly
concerned with the temporary determinants of choice direction, persistence, and
vigor of goal-directed behavior Beck 24. Then it is clear that motivation
always appears when people want to fulfill their desire, for instance, having parents’ attention.
Motivation itself is divided into two types i.e. specific motivation and basic motivation Stanton17. Specific motivation is merely a spontaneous one
and basic motivation is a more profound motivation which is a compilation of several specific motivations. The role of specific motivation is to support the
basic, which shows a deeper influence on the person to act. These motivation theories are relevant to the topic of disloyalty because it
is related to a character named Baba in the story of The Kite Runner. Baba’s motivation in treating his children unfairly gives Amir a strong influence to be
disloyal to Hassan.
2.1.5 Friendship
Aristotle as quoted in Becker 388 divides friendship into several categories. They are friendship based on utility, friendship based on pleasure and
perfect friendship based on goodness.
Friendship based on utility is considered the worst one. If people base their relationship on utility, it is doubted that the relationship will last forever or even in
a long period. Utility always changes based on our own circumstances. The poorest thing is if we realize the utility is gone, then we will logically end the
relationship because we find no reason to continue it any longer. The other form of friendship is the one which is based on pleasure.
Sometimes when someone meets someone else having the same hobby, they will excitingly become friends because they find that the pleasure always give them a
time or chance to see each other either frequently or seldom. Most of people who are included in this kind of friendship are those who are still at a young age. Most
of youth’s behavior and thoughts are controlled by feelings and their main interest is how to get some pleasure. However, as they are getting older, they find that
experiences they have in life are various and suddenly they feel that there is no other reason to meet their friends anymore. If the interest of pleasure is changed,
the friendship will also be broken down. A perfect friendship is then based on goodness. Only the friendship of
those who are good is perfect. A true friend loves the other for what he is and not for any incidental value. This kind of friendship is permanent because in that kind
of friendship all the qualities that friends ought to possess are united. Further, there are some reasons why relationship has to be ended up. One
of the worst problematic things is betrayal. Before understanding a betrayal, it is necessary for us to comprehend the characteristics of friendship itself which are
proposed by Paul Peterson 1 on his website.
According to him, the first characteristic concerns honesty and trust. These are two important things which tend to appear among two friends relationship.
They are linked because sometimes we need to share confidential problems. A person will not become so easily to trust anyone except to somebody he knows
very well. He will only tell about his personal problem to certain people close to him.
The second characteristic includes emotion and feeling. Friendship will be a relationship which is colored with emotional respect namely love and care. A
friend will offer a strong support felt differently by the other friend than a support from someone else he does not get close too much. Instead, a good friend will stay
closer to us when nobody is near. We will gain so much understanding and receiving which lead us to a relief. Through receiving, friendship gives forth, in
the sense of understanding of each character, ways of thinking, emotional atmosphere and behaviors.
The third characteristic concerns service and loyalty. A friend will do some helpful action when he sees his friend falling. The action can even be a little
effort of helping such as being ready to listen to our friend when they need us. A helpful action will show how far we can understand our friend on what he needs.
The loyalty here means that we always stick around someone no matter how badly people tell about him. If he is even really an annoying person, then what we are to
do is to help him change for the better. As an addition, Beebe 439 states that friends are the sources of help and comfort in times of stress.
In a conclusion, by seeing the characteristics of friendship above, we should know that those are the key of a strong friendship. Thus, a betrayal is a
breach or violation on those characteristics, most especially on the third characteristic telling about loyalty and service. By acting disloyal, it can somehow
hurt our friend’s feeling particularly when we do the disloyalty at the time when he needs us so badly.
These friendship theories are relevant to this study because the writer sees a disloyalty as a breach or violation of friendship’s characteristics. A breach of
service and loyalty will be just the same as acting disloyal.
2.1.6 Family
