Theory of Behavior Review of Related Theories

psychological and emotional health” Greetman and Dunne, 1990:9. Divorce also affects the psychological and emotional health of a person. If a child usually gets affection from their both parent and live together, after the divorce happened, they will no longer live with their parent and get affection as same as before the divorce. “Anger and hostility are common emotional reactions among adolescents, especially toward the par ent they blame for the divorce” Rice, 1996:120. Adolescent who cannot receive the reality that divorce happened in their family, they will be angry with their parent. They will give some negative reactions. Young children, because of their limited capacity to understand what is happening, are especially prone to unrealistic feeling of anger and guilt, and they often revert to whinning, clinging, infantile behaviour that they had previously outgrown Kimmel and Weiner, 1985:262. They will hostile with their parent generally. It can be hostility with mother or father and also can be hostility with parent , father and mother. “After separation occurs, adolescents have to adjust to the absence of one parent, often one on whom they have depended deeply for affection and h elp” Rice, 1996:120. Divorce is also followed by a period of mourning and grief especially if divorce makes an adolescent lose one figure that is very close to them. After the divorce, some mothers or fathers begins to date with other person. It will affect their children too. “If parent begin to date again and get involved with another person, adolescents may become jealous and resentful because they have to share their parent w ith another adult” Rice, 1996:120. The presence of someone in adolescent‟s life can affect them especially if that person presents to substitute one figure in their life. If the mother or the father begins to date with someone else that has children also, adolescent must learn to receive it. They must share their single parent with other person and receive someone who will become their stepmother or stepfather. Divorce has many effects on adolescent. Many effects of divorce on adolescent according to Rice will be stated as follows:

a. Psychological Health

There is some consensus among experts that the loss of parent in childhood is associated with a higher incidence of emotional and personality problems, high rates of psychiatric consultation, increased suicidal ideation and behavior, higher levels of alcohol and drug use, lower self esteem or self image, lower levels of perceived competence in school work and negative evaluation of parent that those from intact families Rice, 1996:124.

b. The Development of Masculinity-Femininity

The effect of father‟s absence to boys is different from girls. The common assumption has been that boys who lack an effective father figure and who are raised by their mothers are more likely to score lower on measures of masculinity, to have unmasculine self-concepts and sex-role orientations, and to be more dependent, less aggressive, and less competent in peer relationship than those whose fathers are present Rice, 1996:124- 125. The effect of father absence to the boy does no longer exist when he got older. The boy who does not have a father tends to seek attention from the other older males. “Young father-absence male children seek the attention of older males and are strongly motivated to imitate and please potent ial father figure” Rice, 1996:125. Other older males become the important thing that can substitute father figure.