that has children also, adolescent must learn to receive it. They must share their single parent with other person and receive someone who will become their
stepmother or stepfather. Divorce has many effects on adolescent. Many effects of divorce on
adolescent according to Rice will be stated as follows:
a. Psychological Health
There is some consensus among experts that the loss of parent in childhood is associated with a higher incidence of emotional and personality problems, high
rates of psychiatric consultation, increased suicidal ideation and behavior, higher levels of alcohol and drug use, lower self esteem or self image, lower levels of
perceived competence in school work and negative evaluation of parent that those from intact families Rice, 1996:124.
b. The Development of Masculinity-Femininity
The effect of father‟s absence to boys is different from girls. The common assumption has been that boys who lack an effective father
figure and who are raised by their mothers are more likely to score lower on measures of masculinity, to have unmasculine self-concepts and sex-role
orientations, and to be more dependent, less aggressive, and less competent in peer relationship than those whose fathers are present Rice, 1996:124-
125.
The effect of father absence to the boy does no longer exist when he got older. The boy who does not have a father tends to seek attention from the other
older males. “Young father-absence male children seek the attention of older males and are strongly motivated to imitate and please potent
ial father figure” Rice, 1996:125. Other older males become the important thing that can
substitute father figure.
The effect of father figure absence on girls seems to be just the opposite. “Daughters are affected less when young but more during adolescence” Rice,
1996:125. Adolescence is a period after the childhood and before the adulthood. The girl without father tends to have the problem of interaction with males.
“During adolescence, girls of divorced parent who live with their mothers may be inappropriately assertive, seductive, a
nd sometimes sexually promiscuous” Rice, 1996: 125. The girl without father tends to have ambivalent feeling about men. It
is caused by their negative memories about their fathers. “They begin dating early and are likely to engage in sexual intercourse a
t an early age” Rice, 1996:125. The girl without father because of the divorce tends to seek more attention toward
men. They will be more aggressive than the girl without father because of their father has passed away or the girl who has father.
c. Association with Delinquency
Adolescent from father absent homes has a higher case of delinquency than adolescent from intact families.“For one thing, children from father absent
families who get into trouble are more likely to be arrested and institutionalized when arrested than are those from intact families” Rice, 1996:125. Even though
delinquency of adolescent is not always caused by father absent, but father absent can become one factor that cause delinquency.
Divorce or separation brings with it loss of environmental control. Mothers report being less able to discipline or influence their children after divorce,
partly because the children are upset, partly because they put a lot of the blame for the absence of their father on the mother... Rice, 1996:126
If the adolescent lives with their mother and think that their mother is the cause the divorce, they tend to become a rebel. They will not listen to their mother
anymore. They will blame their mother.
d. Attitudes towards Self and Parent
Adolescents from separated or divorced homes are more often engaged in health risk behavior smoking, not fastening seat belts, and intemperate drinking
than those from intact families. Two major explanations were offered: 1 the health risk behavior is an effort to improve self esteem by adopting more daring
attitudes, or 2 the adolescents are less controlled by parents after parental break up. Adolescents from father absent homes have more problems with alcohol,
marijuana, and sexual activity than those from intact homes Rice, 1996:127.
5. Theory of Repression in Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis is one of the theories in literature. This theory is form of literary criticism which uses some techniques of psychoanalytic. In Beginning
Theory , Barry explains that psychoanalysis has a technique which uses in therapy.
A technique which uses in this therapy is by investigating interaction between conscious and unconscious element in human‟s mind. In that
therapy patient talk freely, all conflicts and fears which are causing the problems repressed and brought into the conscious mind rather than
remaining „buried‟ in the unconsciousness. 2002:96 Sigmund Freud from Austria develops this theory. “All of Freud‟s work
depends upon the notion of the unconscious, which is the part of the mind beyond consciousness which nevertheless has a strong influence upon our actions”
