Backchannel Turn Taking Feature

According to Ferguson in Beatti, 1981 interruption can be classified by several kinds namely smooth speaker-switch, simple interruption, overlap, butting-in interruption and silent interruption. The first interruption is smooth speaker switch. This interruption occurs when the previous speaker ends herhis talk and there is no simultaneous utterance. The second interruption is simple interruption. This interruption occurs when the simultaneous utterance and the previous utterance do not complete. The next interruption is overlap. This interruption is simultaneous utterance when the previous utterance ends but is not interrupted by the next speaker. The other interruption is butting-in interruption. This interruption is not success and the speaker ends herhis talk before getting a turn control. The last interruption is silent interruption. This interruption occurs without overlap. Those several interruptions above also have functions. Firstly, interruption is used to ask a question in getting a correct response. Second, interruption is used to look for more clarification of the previous utterance by asking repetition. Third, it is used for correction that convince whether the speaker‟s talk is correct or not. The next function is refusing. It occurs to clarify a misunderstanding of the previous speaker. The last function is completion. It is used to finish what the speaker says when the speaker will not say anything.

2.2.2.1.4 Topic change

Topic change occurs when the participants talk the same topic, but one of the speakers changes the other topic which the topic has relevance with the previous topic or the new topic. Sacks 1992:566 states that topic change is continuously exchanging talk between one speaker to the other speaker. In topic change, the speaker can use some strategies namely introducing a topic, terminating a topic, changing a topic, shifting a topic, drifting a topic, digressing a topic and resuming a topic Stenström,1994:151- 160. The first strategy is introducing a topic. This strategy introduces the first topic in the beginning of the conversation. The second strategy is terminating a topic. This strategy closes the previous topic before introduces a new topic or before closes all conversation. It is signaled by filled pause or laughing. The other strategy is changing a topic. Changing a topic means leaving the current topic to emerge unrelated topic. The next strategy is shifting a topic. Shifting a topic means moving from one topic to the other related topic and signaled by pause or laughing. Drifting a topic also can be group as topic change strategy. It means moving the previous topic to the new topic implicitly. Further, digressing a topic means moving further a new topic temporarily. The last strategy is resuming a topic. It means finishing a topic change and back to the previous topic.

2.2.2.1.5 Silencepause

Silence occurs when there is a turn signal given by the previous speaker, but the receiver fails or refuses in continuing herhis turn Burton, 1980:78. It shows that the participants fail in responding the other participant. Meanwhile, pause happens when the speaker finishes herhis talking in the middle or in the