Method of Collecting the Data
simultaneous turn taking, adjacency pair, topic change and silence. In non-formal class, the features appear on back-channel, simultaneous turn taking and
adjacency pair. Meanwhile, in formal class the features appear on back-channel,
simultaneous turn taking, adjacency pair, topic change and silence.
The features in both classes have similarities and dissimilarities. First, the similarity lies on back-channel. In both classes, the most frequently back-channel
can be seen in short responses. These responses are produced by the students for responding the tutorthe teacher
‟s utterances. It is produced by the students to continue, to give agreement or to show that the current speaker gives attention for
the tutorthe teacher‟s utterances.
Another similarity lies on adjacency pair. In both classes, the utterances produced by the participants mostly represent adjacency pair. The most frequently
adjacency pair is a question followed by an answer. These pair is produced by the teacher and the students. The teacher produces a question and the students give an
answer. Besides, adjacency pair in both classes also appears on asking followed by explaining or rejecting. These pair also produced by the teacher and the
students. The teacher produces a request and the students give an explanation or rejection. From both of pair utterances, the teacherthe tutor has an important role
in the learning process of both classes.
The features also have dissimilarities. First, backchannel as the receiver response appears as non-verbal response like laughing. Laughing occurs when
there is something strange or unusual which is done or produced by the current speaker. Laughing response is more often found in formal class than in non-
formal class. It occurs when the teacher makes something funny and new in English class. She uses an unique technique in reading poem activity. The
students can enjoy and they can express their feeling and emotional during the process of learning. It can be impressed that not all formal class has awkward
atmosphere. The second dissimilarity is several features like interruption, overlap, and
topic change are not found in non-formal class but those features can be found in formal class. The appearance of interruption and overlap in the conversations of
formal class occur unintentionally. Interruption occurs when the teachers is explaining materials, the students interrupt the teacher‟s utterances. It occurs
because the teacher takes a long time in delivering the materials and makes the students impatiently interrupt him. Actually, this interruption has negative
implication because the current speaker has not already finished hisher utterances and the next speaker cuts and interrupts herhim. Silencepause is more often
found in formal class because almost the students are passive in the learning process. If the teacher gives an explanation or a question, they do not directly
answer the teacher‟s question.
The other difference appears on adjacency pair. Adjacency pair represented by calling - answer has difference between both classes. Calling
– answering mostly found in the conversations of non-formal class, but it appears
only several pair utterances in the conversations of formal class. This difference numbers are caused by some factor. The tutor as the student‟s senior know more