analyzed the conversations data according to the theories proposed by some linguists. The last step is the researcher presented the result of analysis in a
detail description.
3.6 Method of Presenting Result
In presenting the result of this research, the researcher used two methods namely formal and informal methods Mahsun, 2005:255. In informal
reporting method, the researcher used a set of words, while in formal reporting method , the researcher uses a table, a graphic, a diagram, or a picture.
The result of this research would be reported by the description of turn taking patterns, turn taking features, turn taking mechanism, and turn taking
strategies in formal and non-formal classes. After the result of turn taking analysis had been reported, the researcher compared the turn taking analysis in
formal and non-formal classes. This reporting method is called informal method. Besides informal method, this research also used formal reporting
method. This method used to report the result of turn taking analysis and its comparison in the form of table.
CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
In this chapter, the researcher will present the turn taking system in non- formal and formal English classes at
ma‟had Walisongo and its comparasion
between two classes. 4.1
Research Findings
In general, turn taking system in non-formal and formal English classes show a typical pattern, that is A-B-A-B-A-
B. A means the teacher‟s utterances and B means the students‟ responses. When the teacher is producing utterances, the
students should give the responses. These responses should be appropriate with what the teacher says. This appropriateness depends on the time when the teacher
ends herhis talks, the students may get a turn.
Specifically, turn taking system in both classes can be categorized in terms of its features, its mechanisms and its strategies. The turn taking features consist
of back-channel, simultaneous turn taking, adjacency pair, topic change, and silence. The turn taking mechanisms are allocated in turn constructional and turn
allocation units, and the turn taking strategies can be grouped as taking a turn, holding a turn, and yielding a turn.
Turn taking features are used to characterize the process of turn taking and affect the exchange of turns among participants in a conversation. The features
facilitate conversation to pass smoothly or hinder the flow of talk. In conversations of both classes, turn taking features consists of back-channel,
