Simultaneous Turn taking Turn Taking Feature

2.2.2.2.2 Turn Allocation Unit TAU

Turn Allocation Unit TAU is divided into two roles that allocate the sequence of next turn taking. McCarthy 1991:127 adds that the participants take the turn when the current speaker selects them to be the next speaker. If no one is selected, the participants take the turn by individual selection. The roles in Turn Allocation Unit TAU are when the speaker selects the next speaker and when the next speaker is selected by self-selection. The first role is selecting the next speaker. This role is allocated by the speaker who is talking to select the other speaker to be the next speaker. Then, the pointed speaker should take the turn. Sack 1974 argues that in selecting the next speaker, the speaker uses four strategies. First, the speaker selects the next speaker by using a basic technique with addressing name. It consists of calling addressee in the face interaction and encloses vocative in the beginning or in the end of the conversation. Second, the speaker selects the next speaker by using question tag that aims to run out from the turn explicitly. Third, the speaker selects the next speaker by using ellipsis which is disappearance of sentence. There are two kinds of disappearance of question that selected by previous speaker, namely asking confirmation with rising intonation and interrogative question. The last strategy is used to select the next speaker is declaring social identity. The second role is individual selection. In this role, the next turn occurs when the speaker ‟s talking is not allocated by the other speaker. Therefore, everyone can select herhim self to be the next speaker. Sack et al, 1974: 703-704. When the first and the second role do not run properly, the current speaker has a choice to continue their utterance until the other participant ready to speak. This technique is applied when the speaker who has been selected does not take initiative of turn taking or when individual selection rule does not run well, the speaker who is talking continues herhis utterance.

2.2.2.3 Turn Taking Strategies

There are turn taking strategies proposed by Strensom 1994: 68-80. Those strategies are taking the turn, holding the turn, and yielding the turn. The first strategy, taking the turn strategy, consists of starting up, taking over, and interrupting techniques. The second strategy, holding the turn, consists of filled pause, verbal filler, and silent pause techniques. The last strategy, yielding the turn, consists of prompting, appealing, and giving up techniques. 2.2.2.3.1 Taking the Turn Taking the turn is done by the listener who takes the turn from the current speaker when the current speaker is talking or finishing hisher talk. This strategy consists of three techniques, namely starting up, taking over, and interrupting techniques. Starting up technique is a technique that gives a few times for the listener to prepare or have prepared what is discussing next through clean start and hesitant start in the beginning of conversation. Taking over technique appears when the current speaker has finished hisher utterance