4.3.1 Summary
The above observations correspond neatly with information gathered from the questionnaire, as well as what was casually observed by the author. Jambi Malay was reserved for Low domains in the home and
neighborhood and with Jambi Malay friends, but was generally not found in High domains such as in the classroom, official speeches, or prestigious places like the supermarket. In the High domains SI or Jambi
Indonesian dominated.
The idea of domain needs to be broken down further. As Southworth pointed out 1985:228, “…people respond to a complex array of situational cues in making language choices”. For instance, in
1979, Pascasio and Hidalgo proposed that domain does not always have an effect on language used, based on findings of English and Filipino language use among university students. The status of the interlocutor,
whether above or equal to or below the peer group level, had a more significant impact, they discovered.
In this study, more factors were found to aid in determining the language used in this study, including: location and its perceived level of prestige, ethnicity of the person being addressed, and
societal rules spoken, such as in schools, or unspoken, such as in official ceremonies. Rubin 1985 ascribed different labels to these same factors, based on a study of Guarani and Spanish in Paraguay.
Respectively, they are “location”, “degree of intimacy”, and “degree of formality”. The following were also found to be significant in language choice: “degree of seriousness of discourse”, “first language learned”,
“addressee’s estimated linguistic preference”, and “speaker’s linguistic preference” Rubin 1985:116–117. The above factors serve to isolate with more precision what language was spoken in which situation. For
example, in the domain of an official occasion, in this case a wedding in Mudung Darat, different languages were used, based on societal protocol. Jambi Malay was used among the guests and during the
announcements, but SI was used for the speech, and Arabic was used for special readings and prayers.
4.4 Results according to independent variable 4.4.1 Introduction
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