Attitudes towards language were not significantly affected in the matched guise test scores, either. The composite scores resulted in no significant difference between men and women, and the majority of the
individual questions examined revealed no significant impact of sex on answers given as well. The single MGT question that was statistically significant was the status question “c”, similar to findings from the age
and education variables. Overall, the pattern was maintained of women showing more positive attitudes towards Jambi Malay than men.
4.4.6 Results: Location variable
4.4.6.1 Location distribution
As far as location relative to downtown Jambi City, there were a total of 143 informants studied in Mudung Laut ML,
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representing 8 of the total population 1,787 people in June 2001 per Pelayangan Subdistrict office records 2001. In Mudung Darat MD, 150 people were interviewed, representing 11 of the total
population 1,407 people in June 2001 per Mara Sebo Subdistrict office records 2001. Please refer to figure 4.14.
Figure 4.14 Location distribution
A noteworthy clarification with regard to location is that fewer matched guise tests compared to questionnaires were conducted in Mudung Darat, because some of the informants refused to be tested.
Approximately twenty informants in that community were unwilling to do the MGT; 90 of those who refused had little or no education, and 76 of those who refused were aged 30 and above. One hypothesis
is that the tape player with its headphone apparatus was intimidating for those unfamiliar with such technology. A second hypothesis is that uneducated people may not like to be “tested”, fearing that tests
will only highlight their lack of education. Another possibility is that some informants there simply did not have time to complete the test.
4.4.6.2 Questionnaire
The two locations studied were Mudung Darat farther away from the city, more agriculturally focused, and Mudung Laut closer in proximity to the city. In figure 4.15 it can be seen that Mudung Laut had the
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As mentioned earlier, in Mudung Laut twelve additional informants were studied. However, they were college graduates, which is a generally rare segment of that community, and therefore not part of the population under study. Their scores were excluded from the
main analysis, but were examined separately for comparative purposes see section 4.4.4.5.
higher average questionnaire score. This was unexpected, since Mudung Laut has more people with higher education, and more contact with modernization. Mudung Darat’s average score was lower, but it should be
mentioned that there were a few outliers: three informants whose answers varied greatly from the norm. The difference between the two locations was not statistically significant, according to the t-test in table
4.43 t statistic -.81, p .4168.
Figure 4.15 Average questionnaire score by location Table 4.43 Results of questionnaire scores by location test: independent samples t-test
Table 4.44 and table 4.45 help to account for Mudung Laut having a higher questionnaire score. In table 4.44 we see that in the breakdown according to age, there was a much higher number of young people
in the Mudung Darat sample than in Mudung Laut, whereas there were much greater numbers of middle- aged and old people studied in Mudung Laut. As was discussed in section 4.4.3.2, the young tended to have
significantly lower questionnaire scores than the middle-aged or old. Thus since the Mudung Darat data includes many young people, scores may reflect this.
Table 4.44 Location by age test: chi-square
In table 4.45 there was a much higher ratio of females to males in Mudung Laut, whereas in Mudung Darat there was an equal number. In fact, in Mudung Darat the number of females was lower than
normal, and the number of males was higher than normal. Since it was found in section 4.4.5.2 that males tended to have significantly lower questionnaire scores than females, the fact that Mudung Darat with
fewer females had a lower score is not out of line.
Table 4.45 Location by sex test: chi-square
Education level patterns, as discussed in section 4.4.4, were not reflected in the Mudung Laut- Mudung Darat comparative scores. Despite Mudung Laut having more people with higher education, as
seen in table 4.46, and with the established trend that the higher the education level the lower the questionnaire score, Mudung Laut’s questionnaire average was higher.
Table 4.46 Location by education level test: chi-square
Looking at the selected individual questions in more detail, Mudung Darat’s lower average questionnaire score is explained in a different way. In very few three of the nine questions examined was
there a statistically significant impact of location on answers given. For the questions that showed a significant impact, one of them in table 4.47 revealed that usage of Jambi Malay scored 2 in Mudung
Darat was lower than usage in Mudung Laut, while usage of Indonesian once in a while scored 1 was higher. This was not as expected.
Table 4.47 Results of questionnaire question “2” by location test: chi-square
The other questions involving language usage, though not statistically significant, revealed this same trend: Mudung Darat had higher usage of Indonesian and lower usage of Jambi Malay than Mudung
Laut. Question 6k1, for example, asked “What language do you speak at the Angso Duo Market?”, where 0—Indonesian, 1—a mixture between Indonesian and JM or Jambi Indonesian, 2—Jambi Malay. Fewer
people than the norm in Mudung Darat answered “Jambi Malay”, while a higher number of people than the norm in Mudung Laut answered “Jambi Malay” see table 4.48. From these questions, it is clear that
people in Mudung Darat claimed to use Jambi Malay less and Indonesian more than people in Mudung Laut.
Table 4.48 Results of questionnaire question “6k1” by location test: chi-square
Looking at the attitude questions, however, a different trend is shown. In all of the questionnaire questions regarding attitudes towards JM, the people of Mudung Darat answered more positively than the
people of Mudung Laut. Two of the questions showed that the difference was statistically significant as well. In table 4.49, for example, many more people in Mudung Darat than in Mudung Laut claimed to
speak Jambi Malay because they are happy with it scored 2, while a much higher number of Mudung Laut residents displayed an ambivalent attitude scored 1 towards Jambi Malay chi-square statistic 28.18, p
.0001. And in question 21a “What is your reaction to hearing Jambi Malay spoken in public places?” a higher than normal number of people in Mudung Darat answered “pleased” scored 2. Fewer Mudung
Laut residents than normal answered “pleased”, and in fact a substantial number answered that they did not like it scored 0 see table 4.50.
Table 4.49 Results of questionnaire question “11” by location test: chi-square
Table 4.50 Results of questionnaire question “21a” by location test: chi-square
4.4.6.3 Matched guise test
