12 4 Past Life
The experience of the characters can be a point of characterization. By giving information about the characters’ past life, an author will give clues about
characterization of the characters. 5 Conversation of others
In the novel, there are many conversations. The conversation among characters may refer to the characterization.
6 Reactions The characters’ reaction in facing a certain event or problem may refer to
the personality of the characters and can be hint as the characterization. 7 Direct Comment
Sometimes the author gives comments directly to describe the characterization. However, it will not disturb the story.
8 Thoughts The author describes the characters’ thought in order to point out the
characterization. 9 Mannerism
The author may tell the characters’ mannerism to the readers in order to give information about characterization of the characters
4. Friendship
Friendship is a relationship between two or more persons. This section presents what friendship is and kinds of friendship.
13 a. Meaning of Friendship
Friendship is a relationship in which friends spend a great deal of time together, interact in variety of situations, exclude others from the relationship, and
provide emotional support to one another Baron and Byrne 278. People need friends because there is no one that could live alone. Friendship becomes the
bridge of two people or more to share each other through the actions. There are three reasons of having friends. Beebe 413 says that first, people
need friends to be included in some activities of others or of our own; second, to control and to be uncontrolled, dealing with the stability and comfort in our
interactions with others; and third, to give and receive love, support, warmth and intimacy. Other reasons of having friendship are helping one another, coping with
stress and uncertainty, taking care of physical needs, and even helping us in the development of our personality.
A moral value of friendship, thus, involves a high level of development and expression of the unselfish emotions of sympathy, care - a deep caring for others
and identification with the good of another from whom one clearly knows oneself to be clearly other Blum 71. So, people who build friendship will be easier to
socialize. They have a good emotion in order to keep their friendship. They will not be selfish because friendship needs understanding and caring to each other.
b. Kinds of Friendship Aristotle as translated by Ostwald 218 divides friendship into three kinds.
They are friendship based on utility, friendship based on pleasure, and friendship based on goodness.
14 1 Friendship based on utility
This kind of friendship occurs most frequently between the elderly because at their age what they want is not pleasure but utility. It also occurs in people who
are in their middle or early life and are also pursuing their own advantage. 2 Friendship based on pleasure.
This friendship can easily end because the affection changes just as the things that please them and this sort of pleasure changes rapidly. This friendship is
based on pleasure or fun, as someone who builds friendship with the other is not because of what he or she is, but for the pleasure and fun he or she gives.
3 Friendship based on goodness. Friendship of this kind is permanent, reasonably enough, because it is united
all the attributes that friends ought to possess. This friendship is based on goodnesses. They are good to each other without qualification. Without
qualification means a friend will do a good thing for his or her friend without asking qualifications. They are also beneficial to one another whatever he or she
is. This kind of friendship is long lasting. It means the friendship will last for a long time. This friendship are also pleasant to ane another. Moreover, time and
familiarity are required. It means one cannot be a friend of another person until each partner has impressed the other that he is worthy of affection, and until each
person has won the other’s confidence. Friendship based on goodness needs a long process. It can not be built instantly.
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5. Feminism
