Feminism Motivation Review of Related Theories

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5. Feminism

According to Humm 74 the term feminism means the ideology of women’s liberation. This ideology arises because of the belief that women suffer injustice because of their sex. The feminism incorporates both a doctrine of equal rights for women and in ideology of social transformation aiming to create a world for women beyond social equality. Humm 7 divides four issues that are addressed by feminist criticism. First, the issue of masculine literary history is addressed by reexamining male texts and showing the way of women in the texts are often represented according to prevailing social, cultural and ideological norms. Second, the invisibility of women writers has been addressed. Third, feminist criticism confronts the problem of the feminist reader by offering readers new methods and a fresh critical practice. Fourth, feminist criticism aims to make us act as feminist readers by creating new writing new writing and reading collectives.

6. Motivation

People have motivation in every action of their life. Friendship may have a motivation that becomes the reason of why two people or more have a special relationship. a. Meaning of Motivation In order to reach the goals or ambitions, a person must have something which encourages himher to keep on moving forward. It is usually called as 16 motivation. According to Petri 3, motivation is the concept we use when we describe the forces acting on or within an organism to initiate and direct behaviour. Every person has motivation in doing actions. Actions are done to achieve the goals. Motivation is like a strong reasons of doing something. It also like a push of reaching goals b. Kinds of Motivation Hunt as cited by Petri 315 points out that there are two kinds of motivation. They are intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Staw as cited by Petri defines intrinsic motivation as the value or pleasure associated with an activity as opposed to the goal toward which the activity is directed. However, extrinsic motivation, by contrast, emphasizes the external goals toward which the activity is directed Petri 315. c. Causes of Motivation Maslow as cited by Kasschau 143-144 states human motivation is based on human needs. He believes that a human is motivated by needs. These needs are divided into five levels. The needs on the first and lowest level should be satisfied before a person fulfills and moves on the next and higher level. The five level needs are categorized in three basic needs in human life, which are fundamental needs, psychological needs, and self-actualization needs. 1 The Fundamental Needs The fundamental needs are the basic needs. If people want to live, they have to satisfy these needs. The fundamental needs are divided into two. They are physiological needs and safety needs. 17 a Physiological needs Physiological needs deal with the physical needs. In order to make the body of a person work, a person needs to be satisfied from hunger, thirst, and sex drives. Heshe needs food, water, shelter, and oxygen. When these needs are fulfilled, a person will try to gain the next needs. b Safety needs After fulfilling the needs of physiology, a person will try to gain safety needs. It is the need for being secure, safe and out of danger. A person needs to be safe from anything that is considered harmful. 2 The Psychological Needs The psychological needs are needs to belong and to give and receive love, and needs to acquire esteem through competence and achievement. It is divided into two namely belongingness and love needs and esteem needs. a Belongingness and love needs After physiological needs and safety needs are satisfied, a person may gain the belongings and love needs. It is a need to affiliate with others and be accepted and to feel a sense of belonging. b Esteem needs Esteem needs are the next needs that require being satisfied after belongings and loving needs are fulfilled. There are two sections in the esteem needs. They are needs for self-esteem and needs of esteem from others. The needs of self- esteem can be gained through competition. Needs of esteem from others deal with 18 pride. It includes desire of reputation of status, recognitions, appreciation by others and feeling of importance. 3 The Self-actualization Needs The self-actualization needs are the final needs in the top of Maslow’s hierarchy needs. After someone has satisfied all the needs above, he will be motivated to gain and be more than he is now. The self-actualization is a need for fulfillment of one’s unique potential, for example knowledge and beauty.

C. Sociocultural - Historical Background