In conclusion, to overcome the group processes, topic initiation, and topic maintenance, a model of a conversation should be written as a reference.
Therefore, the speakers are able to give actions and reactions like in a normal conversation. The models of conversations should provide controlled-language
where the dialogues may be rather different from real life conversations.
b. The Process of Conversation
Dubberly and Pangaro 2009: 2 state that only in a conversation we can learn new concepts, share and develop knowledge, and confirm agreement.
Furthermore, they explain the process of conversation. Here is the process of how a conversation happens. This process is described in Figure 1.
1 There are at least two participants said A and B.
2 Then, A has something called goal to be told to B.
3 After that, they choose the context of the conversation.
4 A and B will choose the shared language between them.
5 A will give the action to B.
6 Next, B will evaluate the action of A and prepare the reaction to A.
7 Then, A will give another reaction to B.
8 Up to this point, the agreement between the two may be reached.
Moreover, Schegloff cited in Wardhaugh 2006: 300 says that the initial process of conversations is exchanging greeting. Once the opening process has
been done, the speakers need to start a topic or topics to talk. When they begin to talk, a floor management should be established in order not to overlap each
other’s talk. Finally, the conversation comes to an end by commonly saying goodbye. In closing the conversation, it is started by pre-closing signals which
indicates that the conversation is coming to an end. After the pre-closing signals have been said, the actual closing is next. In an actual closing, the speaker closes
down the topic and it is exchanged by a pre-closing signal by another speaker, before they exchange farewells.
Figure 1: The process of conversation by Dubberly and Pangaro
In conclusion, it can be said that the conversation only happens where there are at least two participants involved. They start the conversation by
exchanging greeting and then establish a topiccontext to talk. They are able to maintain the conversation since they share the same context of language. To make
the conversation continue or to avoid the conversation breakdown, the participants should acquire the floor management during the conversation. During the
conversation, the feedbacks between the participants are happening. Once they finish the topic there is no more topics to talk, the participants decide to put the
conversation into an end. To end the conversation, it is not instantly exchanging
farewells. However, there is a pre-closing signal that comes before an actual farewell happens.
c. Conversation Rules and Structures
Conversation rules and structures are about how a conversation is organized and how to maintain the conversation. D
ṏrnyei and Thurrell 1992: 3 state that conversation is high organized activity that shows patterns and regularities. Here
are the issues in conversation rules and structures:
1 Opening
Opening a conversation is not random. There are some ways to initial a conversation. In the opening, the participants decide whether the conversation
belongs to formal or informal. 2
Turn-taking The turn-taking mechanisms determine who talks, when, and how long, to
avoid the conversation into a breakdown. 3
Interrupting Interrupting in a conversation is tolerated in certain amount of times. Too
much interrupting is not good as it is considered rude in English. To interrupt, participants have to use polite and natural expressions.
4 Adjacency pairs
Adjacency pairs are the immediate responses or reactions from one participant’s questions, invitations, requests, apologies, and compliments. But
the reaction has two sides of opposite. The first possible reaction is polite
