speaking skills outside the classroom not during English classroom activity. By providing an English conversation book, it is expected that students get more
activities outside the classroom. As the English class is only 80 minutes in a meeting, this book is a good help for students.
In conclusion, the researcher is going to conduct a development on “Designing „Good at English‟ as an English Conversation Book for Speaking
Activities outside the Class for Grade VIII Students of the Junior High School ”
for the research.
D. Formulation of the Problems
In this research, the problems that have been chosen to be solved can be
formulated as:
1. What are students‟ learning needs in conversation?
2. What materials should be designed to cover students‟ needs in conversation?
E. Objectives
This research is aimed to: 1 describe students ‟ learning needs in conversation
in terms of speaking for outside class activities; and 2 design the appropriate materials for speaking learning and teaching process for outside class activities
which was focused on conversation.
F. Significances
This study is expected to give contribution to teachers, students, the researcher, and other researchers. The expected contributions are:
1. For English teachers, this research can give them alternative materials that can
be used in the teaching and learning processes, especially for the extra activities outside the class.
2. For students, it helps them to train their speaking skills. It enables students to
study the materials from time to time outside the class, especially for extra activities outside the class.
3. For the researcher, it helps her to develop the knowledge of designing teaching
materials. 4.
For other researchers, this research is aimed to be a reference for them.
7
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Chapter II presents some theories that underline this study. The theoretical
review covers the conversation theory, conversation practice, materials
development for language learning, review of relevance studies, and conceptual framework.
A. Literature Review
1. Conversation
a. Theory of Conversation
Conversation is needed in communication. When people communicate, they speak and listen. Schegolf in Berry and Englert 2005: 35 says that conversation
is “talk-in-interaction” that should be discussed with others in order to reach the effectiveness. Conversation is the process of exchanging information among the
participants Dubberly and Pangaro, 2009: 1. Dubberly and Pangaro add that
conversation enables participants to learn, coordinate, and collaborate.
Conversation is a way to express concepts and to verify agreement. The case is that, when one of the participants in the conversation changes during andor
after the conversation, then it can be said there is a process of learning. During conversation, participants will try to negotiate to reach the agreement. This
process makes a conversation as a mean to coordinate. In the collaboration process, the participants are agreeing on goals and coordinating the actions to
