B. Review of Related Theories
1. Theory of Setting
According to M. J. Murphy in An Introduction to English Poetry and the English Novel for Overseas Student
, “The setting can be concerned with the place in which the characters live and also the time in which they live. These have a
great effect upon the personalities, actions, and ways of thinking of the characters” Murphy, 1972:141. This theory is completed by M.H. Abrams in A
Glossary of Literary Terms Sixth Edition , he stated that setting is the overall
setting of narrative or dramatic work, like the general locale, historical time, and social circumstances in which its action occurs Abrams, 1993: 330. Based on his
theory, there are three types of settings, setting of place, time, and social circumstances.
According to Hugh Holman and William Harmon, setting of place is the actual geographical location, its topography, scenery, and physical arrangements.
Then setting of time is the time or period in which the action takes place. Lastly, setting of social circumstances is the general environment of the characters, for
example religious, mental, moral, social, and emotional condition through which the people in the narrative move Holman and Harmon, 1986: 465. The setting
of social circumstances is difficult to be analyzed because we should see the social condition where the characters grow up and how it influences their
personalities, action, and ways of thinking.
2. Theory of Patriarchy
According to Maggie Humm in Feminism A Reader, “Patriarchy is thus
the system of male oppression of women” Humm, 1992: 103. This theory is in line with Walby’s theory cited by Jane and Imelda in 50 Key Concepts in Gender
Studies, “Patriarchy is a system of social structures and practices in which men
dominate, oppress, and exploit women” Pilcher and Whelehan, 2004: 95. From the theories, the writer understands that in the patriarchal system, men are
categorized as superior because they have more power compared to women who are deemed
inferior. Sometimes, men’s power and superiority are used to dominate, oppress, and exploit women. Still based on Walby, he also identified
that men tend to oppress women through the six structure of patriarchy which are household production, paid work, the state, male violence, sexuality, and culture.
Therefore, this condition will only ma ke women’s right and freedom limited both
in private or public sphere Pilcher and Whelehan, 2004: 95.
Besides, Adrienne Rich as cited by Hester Eisenstein in Contemporary Feminist Thought
said,
Patriarchy is the power of the fathers: a familial-social, ideological, political system in which men
—by force, direct pressure, or through ritual, tradition, law, and language, customs. Etiquette, education, and the
division of labor, determine what part women shall or shall not play, and in which the female is everywhere subsumed under the male Eisenstein,
1983: 5. From the theory above, the writer understands that when men realize their
power, they use it to control women by dictating women’s role in the society. Women are conditioned to accept their inferiority because from early childhood,
women are trained to accept this system without any questions. Millet as cited by
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