Theory of Resistance Review of Related Theories

national intelligence. However, this training seemed like an action of brainwashing to make talib or religious students went to Afghanistan to fight against the Soviet Union as a form of their jihad. Children in the refugee camps were even given school textbooks produced by an American university which taught basic arithmetic through fighting. They had examples like, „If out of 10 Russian infidels, 5 are killed by one Muslim, 5 would be l eft’ or 15 bullets – 10 bullets = 5 bullets’. Some boys from my father district went off to fight in Afghanistan Yousafzai, 2013: 15. Finally, this war was won by Afghanistan and its allies. However, the condition of Afghanistan was very severe. After the Soviet Union withdrew their troops from Afghanistan, Afghanistan fell into the civil war between mujahedeen groups. They fought each other because they wanted to be the most powerful group that could control Afghanistan. In order to stabilize Afghanistan, Mullah Omar and friends that had already studied in madrassa built a group named Afghan Taliban in 1994. At first, they had small followers but later on, many talib and Swat people around 12.000 young men went to Afghanistan to help Afghan Taliban to fight against mujahedeen groups Yousafzai, 2013: 40. Most Afghan Taliban’s missions were equipped, financed, and guided by Pakistan. However, the United States, NATO, and other international coalitions had a mandate coming from the United Nation to reconstruct Afghanistan, Afghan Taliban disagreed with this mandate. Therefore, they declared a war against NATO and since that day the United States became Afghan Taliban’s enemy. According to Noor Elahi in Militancy Conflicts Displacement in Swat Valley of Pakistan: Analysis of Transformation of Social and Cultural Network, following the 911 attack by al-Qaeda as an Islamic extremist group, the United States attacked Afghanistan and demolished Afghan Taliban. Afghan Taliban and al-Qaeda hid and created their headquarter in the mountain that was located in the border area of Pakistan and Afghanistan. Because of this condition, Mullah Fazlullah as the veteran who also fought in Afghanistan created a group which was led by him. It was well-known as Pakistani Taliban. This group was similar to Afghan Taliban because it was the offspring of the Afghan Taliban and they also had the same ideology which was defending Islam by fighting the western. The thing that made this two Taliban different was how they were formed. Afghan Taliban was formed by America and ISI while Pakistani Taliban was not. The question would be how did Mullah Fazlullah get their followers in Swat? He got them by gaining society’s trust. For example, the policy of land’s distribution in Swat was very problematic so it made the khan or land owner became powerful and rich but common society lived under poverty. In this case, they fought against the khan by making a slogan “equal distribution authority” and they would pay PKR 10,000-15,000 US 100-150 for a young man who wanted to join their group. Another example, because the society in Swat was still under patriarchal mindset, so Pakistani Taliban utilized that mindset to gain society’s trust. How? They said that women should live in the four walls of home and do their traditional roles on the reproductive sphere as a form of keeping their honor. If bad things happened to them they should make direct call to Pakistani Taliban Elahi, 2015: 233. Because of their action in defeating khan and helping the women, people in Swat started to become their followers.