3. Instrument of the Research
The research employs the writer herself as the instrument to get the data by collecting the qualitative data about actant and functional structure and also
their relation to others by marking, collecting, giving a notes and reading the text stories repeatedly.
4. Unit of Analysis
The unit of analysis that is used in this research is a short story collection book Karma and Other Stories by Rishi Reddi that is published in 2007 by
HarperCollins publisher Inc. In this book there are seven short stories, and the writer only analysis three of them with the same theme, they are The Validity of
Love, Bangles and Devadasi.
5. Time of the Research
This research has been started on January 2011, in English Letters Department, Adab and Humanities Faculty, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic
University Jakarta.
CHAPTER II THEORITICAL FRAME WORK
A. Structural Narratology Theory by A. J. Greimas
Structuralism is an intellectual movement which began in France in the 1950s and is first seen in the work of the anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss
1908 — and the literary critic Roland Barthes 1915-1980.
11
Definitively, structuralism is the understanding about the elements as a structure with the
mechanism of its relation. Todorov explains that structuralism does not deal with the literary text as it presents itself to the reader but rather with an abstract deep
structure.
12
Thus, structuralism according to Todorov, is a study which deals with structure in the literary text without relates with a reader who produces the
meaning of literary text. Besides that, structuralism is considered as anti-humanist which means
that structuralism is concerned on the work itself, not in its author. Structuralism is also considered releases the literary work from history and social culture as its
origin.
13
So, a fundamental concept of structuralism theory is the own literary work itself which is an autonomous structure that can be understood as the unity
with the elements of its construction which related. Therefore, to understand the
11
Peter Barry, Beginning Theory; An introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory. Second Edition,
UK: University Press, 2002, p. 2.
12
Luc Herman and Bart Vervaeck, Handbook of Narrative Analysis, United States of America: Thomson-Shore, Inc., 2001, p. 41.
13
Nyoman Kutha Ratna, Teori, Metode, dan Teknik Penelitian Sastra, yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2009, pp. 91-92.
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