Suggestion CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

BIBLIOGRAPHY Barry, Peter. 2002. Beginning Theory; An introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory. Second Edition. UK: University Press. Bhatia, Sunil. 2007. American Karma: Race, Culture, and Identity in the Indian Diaspora, New York: New York University Press. Bordwell, David. 2005. The Classical Hollywood Cinema: Film Style Mode of Production to 1960. London: Routledge. Eagleton, Terry. 1996. Literary Theory: An Introduction Second Edition. UK: Blackwell Publishing. Garcia, Cynthia. 2009. Immigrant Stories: Ethnicity and Academics in middle childhood. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc. Greimas, Algirdas Julien. 1982. Semiotics and Language: An Analytical Dictionary Advances in Semiotics. United States of America: Indiana University Press. Hall, Stuart. 1990. Cultural Identity and Diaspora, Identity: Community, Culture, Difference, ed. Jonathan Rutherford, London: Lawrence and Wishart. Herman, Luc and Bart Vervaeck. 2001. Handbook of Narrative Analysis. United States of America: Thomson-Shore, Inc. Joshi, Khyati Y. 2006. New Roots in America‟s Sacred Ground: Religion, Race, And Ethnicity in Indian America. London: Rutgers University Press. Kenan, Shlomith Rimmon. 2005. Narrative Fiction. New York: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group. Lechte, John. 1994. Fifty key Contemporary Thinkers: From Structuralism to Post-Modernity. New York: Routledge. Mojalefa, Mawatle Jeremiah. 2007. Rabadia Ratshatsha: Studies in African Language Literature, Linguistics. African: Sun Press. Piaget, Jean. 1995. Structuralism. Terjemahan dalam Bahasa Indonesia oleh Hermoyo. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia. Ratna, Nyoman Kutha. 2009. Teori, Metode, dan Teknik Penelitian Sastra. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. Reddi, Rishi. 2007. Karma and Other Stories. New York: HarperCollins. Selder, Raman and Peter Widdowson. 1993. A Reader‟s Guide to Contemporary Literary theory . Third Edition. Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. Sturrock, John. 2003. Structuralism Second Edition. United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing. Woodward, Kathryn. 1997. Identity and Difference. London: Sage Publication. Zaimar, Okke K. S. 2002. Strukturalisme, Bahan Penelitian Teori dan Kritik Sastra. Depok: PPPG Bahasa. dan Apsanti Djokosuyatno. 1992. Laporan Penelitian Struktur Cerita Sunda, Aktan dan Fungsinya. UI Depok. Website: http:www.aber.ac.ukmediaDocumentsS4Bsem08c.html http:berchmans.tripod.comarrange.html http:blogs.reuters.comfaithworld20100920ghost-of-hindu-muslim-riots- haunts-upcoming-babri-mosque-verdict-in-india http:www.cliffsnotes.comSectionWhat-is-a-definition-of-short-story-.id- 305403,articleId-7941.html http:dances.iloveindia.comnatraja.html http:dictionary.reference.combrowsezamindar http:www.dancesource.netDanceSynopsis.html http:www.harpercollins.comauthors30744Rishi_Reddiindex.aspx http:www.iloveindia.comindian-jewelrytypes-of-jewelrybangles.html http:www.iloveindia.comindian-clothingdupatta.html http:www.kamat.comkalrangawomenbindi.htm http:psychology.jrank.orgpages2108narratology.html http:www.signosemio.comgreimasa_actantiel.asp http:www.umavasudevan.comhtmlarangetram.html www.rishireddi.netPDFIndianExpress5_11_07.pdf 1 THE ACTANTIAL AND FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF THREE SHORT STORIES IN THE BOOK OF KARMA AND OTHER STORIES BY RISHI REDDI Beni Riyawati, English Letters Department. Adab and Humanities Faculty. Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta. ABSTRACT This research is aimed to find how the structural narrative which is in Karma and Other Stories book, short stories collection, that written by Rishi Reddi, Indian immigrant. The writer only takes three short stories, The Validity of Love, Bangles, and Devadasi. These stories have the same theme that is the intergenerational conflict, thus the writer wants to know whether each structure from the stories is the same or not. This research uses the descriptive qualitative method and the theory used is structural narratology theory by A. J. Greimas. A. Introduction Every literary work including short story has its own structure. Structure consists of elements which close in relationship and systematic to form the unity and the wholeness of literary work. According to Piaget in the Structuralism book, there are three ideas about the element that contained in the structure. 1 The first is the wholeness, it means that all elements which build a text determine its self significant and determine all significant in intrinsic norm. The second is transformation. It means that every element in the text conducts transformation continuity. The third is self regulation. The structure can govern itself toward another system; it means that structure has the ability to maintain its transformation procedure without helping from another one. So, it can be concluded that structure is the most important element in the story whose 1 Jean Piaget, Structuralism, Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia, 1995, pp. 4-10. 2 existence are interconnected between its elements and cannot be separated. They are also dynamic since they can undergo transformation and able to govern itself. So, to comprehend a literary work, we should recognize elements which build the structure. This research takes three short stories in the book of Karma and other stories that written by Rishi Reddi, they are The Validity of Love, Bangles and Devadasi. Each of the three stories has the same theme that is the intergenerational conflict that occurs between first generation and second generation. The first story, The Validity of love, explores the concept of an arranged marriage and a cross-culture relationship in the lives of two young Indian American women. The second story, Bangles, tells about a widow who decides to return to her native village to flee her sons off-putting American ways. And the last story, Devadasi, is set in India, the modern and the urbane jangling with the ugly racial overtones which are far worse than a young dancer from the United States has ever come to fear in the country she has grown up in. The three stories have the same theme. They can be more interesting if they are known from their structure whether each structure from the stories are same or not. To know the structure of three stories, the writer uses structural narrative, the theory of A. J Greimas, by analyzing the actant and functional structure in three stories, The Validity of Love, Bangles and Devadasi. 3

B. Research Question

1. What are the actant and functional structures in the three stories, The Validity of Love, Bangles and Devadasi from the book of Karma and Other Stories by Rishi Reddi? 2. How is the relation between actants and functional structure in each story, The Validity of Love, Bangles and Devadasi from the book of Karma and Other Stories by Rishi Reddi?

C. Theoretical Framework

A. J. Greimas developed his structural narratology theory by applying Propp’s analyses of narrative. Vladimir Propp 1895-1970, a Russian Formalist critic who worked on Russian folk tales, identifying recurrent structures and situations in such tales, and publishing his findings in his book The Morphology of the Folktale, first published in Russia in 1928. 2 In analyzing the structure of literary text with Greimas theory, the analysis is start with actantial model analysis and its result is continued by functional model analysis. The functional model is closely related to the actantial model because the relation between one actant and the others is determined by their function. Fossion who is cited by Hacette in his book of Lectures Nouvelles said that all stories despite of in different forms show that there is the same configuration on the types of actans which is defined by relation and function played in stories. 3 2 Peter Barry 2002, op. cit. p. 147. 3 Okke K.S Zaimar dan Apsanti Djokosuyatno, Laporan Penelitian Struktur Cerita Sunda, Aktan dan Fungsinya, UI Depok, 1992, p. 4. 4

1. The Schema of Actantial Model

In the actantial model, its study gives more attention to action than subject. Subject is an artificial human which is formed by action called actant. Actant is not defined what kinds of beings, broadly speaking, make up reality but an actant may correspond to an anthropomorphic being for example, a human, an animal or a talking sword, etc., a concrete, inanimate element, including things for example, a sword, although not limited to the concrete or abstract thing for example, the wind, the distance to be travelled, and a concept courage, hope, freedom, etc.. And also, an actant may be individual or collective for example, society. That is why actans and actors have different meaning. And then, one actantial role may be played by several actors or one actorial role by several actants. 4 Actors, on the other hand, are visible components of the narrative, they are the actual subjects and objects of the actions which occur; they may bear names and possess distinctive appearances, natures, etc. 5 Therefore, actant in Greimas’ theory is observed from aspect of story that shows the different relationship. Actant is determined by the relationship and function which is played in the story. The Schema of Actantial Model 6 Sender Object Receiver Helper Subject Opponent 4 John Sturrock 2003, op.cit. p. 115. 5 Ibid. 6 Okke K. S. Zaimar, Strukturalisme, Bahan Penelitian Teori dan Kritik Sastra, Depok: PPPG Bahasa, 2002, p. 22.