29 AMTB. The results indicated that the majority of the participants experienced a
mid to high level of language learning anxiety. Besides, it was found that the participants with lower levels of the language learning anxiety were more
motivated to learn English while those with higher levels of the language learning anxiety were less motivated to learn English.
4. Lived Experience
“Lived experience is the starting point and end point of phenomenological research
” van Manen, 1990, p. 36. Van Manen 1990 points out eight important philosophical points of phenomenology research. First,
“phenomenological research is the study of lived experience
” van Manen, 1990, p. 9. Langdridge 2007, p. 4 points out the same way that when doing phenomenological studies,
“we aim to focus on people’s perceptions of the world in which they live and what this means to them: a focus on people’s lived experience.” “Phenomenology is the
study of the lifeworld –the world as we immediately experience it pre-reflectively
rather than as we conceptualize, categorize or reflect on it ” Husserl, 1970; Schutz
Luckmann, 1973 in van Manen, 1990, p. 9. Van Manen 1990, p. 9 states that “phenomenology aims at gaining a deeper understanding of the nature or meaning
of our everyday experiences. ” Phenomenology asks what this or that kind of
experience is like. What I can highlight here is that, according to van Manen 1990, phenomenology bring us in more direct contact with the world instead of
offering us the possibility of effective theory with which we can now explain andor control the world.
Second, “phenomenological research is the explication of a phenomenon as
it presents itself to consciousness ” van Manen, 1990, p. 9. “The word
30 phenomenon comes from the Greek phaenesthai, to flare up, to show itself, to
appear ” Moustakas, 1994, p. 26. Constructed from phaino, phenomenon means
“to bring to light, to place in brightness, to show itself in itself, the totality of what lies before us in the light of day” Heidegger, 1997 in Moustakas, 1994, p. 26.
The phenomena can be explained after people have been aware of their experiences. In the other words, Langdridge 2007 explains that an object enters
our reality only when we perceive it, when it is presented to consciousness. Langdridge 2007, p. 4 elaborates further by saying that
“our perceptions varies according to the context, the position of the perceiver in the relation to the object
and the mood of the perceiver, among other things. ” Therefore, an experience may
be differently meaningful to different people and even the same person in a different context. Going back to van Manen 1990, p. 9, he emphasizes that
“consciousness is the only access human beings have to the world.” What I can highlight here is that, according to van Manen 1990, p. 10,
“phenomenological reflection is not introspective but retrospective meaning that reflection on
experiences that is already passed or lived through. ”
Third, phenomenological research is the study of essences van Manen, 1990, p. 10. Essence means
“the structure and the internal meaning structure of lived experience” van Manen, 1990, p. 10. Husserl 1931 in Moustakas 1994,
p. 27 asserted that “essence provides on the one side a knowledge of the essential
nature of the real, on the other, in respect of the domain left over, knowledge of the essential nature of the non-real irreal.
” Fourth, phenomenological research is the description of the experiential meanings we live as we live them van Manen,
1990, p. 11. In other words, phenomenology attempts to explain the meanings as PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
31 we live them in our everyday existence. Fifth, phenomenological research is the
human scientific study of phenomena van Manen, 1990, p. 11. According to van Manen 1990, p. 11,
“phenomenology claims to be scientific in a broad sense, since it is systematic, explicit, self-critical and intersubjective study of its subject
matter, our lived experience. ” Van Manen 1990, p. 11 also states that
phenomenology is a human science since the subject matter of phenomenological research is always the structures of meaning of the lived human world. Sixth,
“phenomenological research is the attentive practice of thoughtfulness” van Manen, p. 12. According to Heidegger 1962 in van Manen 1990, p. 12,
thoughtfulness is described as “a minding, a heeding, a caring attunement-a
heedful, midful wondering about the project of life, of living, of what it means to live a life.” Seventh, phenomenological research is a search for what it means to
be human van Manen, 1990, p. 12. Van Manen 1990, p. 12 emphasizes that “phenomenological research, as its ultimate aim, the fulfillment of our human
nature: to become more fully who we are. ” Eighth, “phenomenological research is
a poetizing activity ” van Manen, 1990, p. 13. Van Manen 1990, p. 13 defines
poetizing as “thinking on original experience and is thus speaking in a more
primal sense. ” Another aim of phenomenology stated by van Manen 1990, p. 36
is that “to transform lived experience into a textual expression of its essence–in
such a way that the effect of the text is once a reflexive re-living and a reflective appropriation of something meaningful: a notion by which a reader is powerfully
animated in his or her own lived experience. ”
Dilthey 1985 in van Manen 1990, p. 35 has suggested that in its most basic form lived experience involves our immediate, pre-reflective consciousness
