27 WhatsApp. The participant accessed the questionnaire using their phone or
computer. Following the data gathering, the data analysis was done. It was conducted
from March 2016. The data analysis started from questionnaire summarizing. The raw data from the Google Form was summarized in simpler tables. Then, the data
was analyzed and written into the discussion and then concluded into the conclusion of this research.
C. Research Participants
Convenience sampling was used in this survey. Ary et al. 2010 explain “Convenience sampling is choosing a sample based on availability, time, location,
or ease of access” p. 431. Simple and convenient questionnaire was used to support convenience sampling. The respondents were given freedom whether they
want to fill the questionnaire or not. Moreover, the questionnaire could also be accessed anywhere and anytime as long as the respondents had access to the internet
and their smartphones or laptops. The researcher waited for two months after the first questionnaire distribution before closing the data gathering. In the end of the
two months, there were 35 ELESP students batch 2012 who responded to the questionnaire.
D. Research Instrument
The research instrument was a questionnaire Appendix G. Ary et al. 2010 state that when a questionnaire is used, the questions are sent to all the members of
28 the sample group, who record and return their responses to the questions p. 379.
The questionnaire was designed to gather data from ELESP students about their perception and preference for negative feedback. The questionnaire was adapted
from Restuningtyas’ 2010 questionnaire. Restuningtyas’ questionnaire has similar
topic to the research. The difference was in the focus of the questions. The questions were adapted to the need of this research.
There were two kinds of questions in the questionnaire, close-ended and open-ended questions. In the close-ended questions, the respondents were given
several options to choose and the answer would be used to find out the perception and preference by the participants. In addition, the open-ended questions were used
to gather ELESP students’ opinion on the types, directness, and the use of hedging
in negative feedback. In part A of the questionnaire, the respondents were required give their
agreement to 12 statements related to negative feedback. The respondents chose whether they strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, or strongly disagree to the
statements. Their choices were used to answer the research questions. The blueprint for the first part is displayed in Figure 3.2.
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Figure 3.2 Questionnaire Blueprint Part A
In part B of the questionnaire, the respondents were required to choose one of eight options provided for each case. The options for questionnaire part B were
based on the theories of effective feedback by Brookhart 2008 and hedging based on Salager-
Meyer’s taxonomy as cited by Nasiri, 2012, p. 152. There were two types of feedback; direct and indirect, two forms of feedback; oral and written, and
two variations of feedback; with and without hedges. There were eight total combination of types, forms, and variations, namely indirect oral with hedges,
indirect oral without hedges, indirect written with hedges, indirect written without hedges, direct oral with hedges, direct oral without hedges, direct written with
hedges, and direct written without hedges. These combinations were used to provide options in the questionnaire where ELESP students would have to choose
the negative feedback they preferred and would be used to answer the second research problem. The blueprint of questionnaire part B is displayed in Figure 3.3.
QA
Clarity
QA 8, 11
Motivation QA
3-5, 9, 12 Need
QA 1-2
Preference QA
6, 7, 10 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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Figure 3.3 Questionnaire Blueprint Part B
E. Data Gathering and Analysis Technique
