21 In contrast, hedges may also reduce the strength of the feedback and make the
feedback less effective. The use of hedges may reduce the power imposed on a sentence. People will react to a “Open the door” more than b “Could you please
open the door?” Sentence a feels more commanding compared to b, which is more like a request. This research will use hedges in creating the options for part B
of the questionnaire where the respondents should choose one as their preferred negative feedback.
7. Review of Related Study
There was a similar research that was done before this research. Restuningtyas 2010 had done a research related to how students perceive
feedback. However, there are two main differences in Restuningtyas research and this research. Restuningtyas’ respondents were students of Microteaching class
20102011 and the topic was feedback. Meanwhile, in this research, the respondents were English Language Education Study Program batch 2012 students and the topic
was negative feedback. The area of research was more holistic compared to Restuningtyas’ that
focuses on one subject. In this research, the area was not limited to a class. The area was the feedback the students received during their study in ELESP Sanata Dharma
University. Through the more holistic area, it was expected that the result of this research could represent how ELESP students perceived feedback that they had
during their study in Sanata Dharma University. This research also focused on negative feedback, excluding positive feedback.
22
B. Theoretical Framework
There are two research questions in this research. The first research question is related to perception and the second is related to preference. Each respondent
may have different perception and preference for negative feedback. Their perception and preference are
analysed based on Brookhart’s 2008 criteria of effective feedback, directness based on Smith 1991, Ardissono, Boella, and
Lesmo 1995, and the use of hedging devices based on Salager- Meyer’s taxonomy
as cited by Nasiri, 2012. In answering the first research questions, the researcher uses the framework
displayed in Figure 2.1. In the framework, it can be seen that for the first research question related to how the respondents perceive negative feedback. The researcher
focuses on the need, motivation, and clarity of negative feedback. The focuses are represented in the questionnaire part A, which is written as QA with its respective
number shown in Figure 2.1.
Figure 2.1 RQ 1 Framework
Research Question 1
Clarity QA
8, 11 Motivation
QA 3-5
QA 9, 12
Need QA
1-2 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
