22
B. Theoretical Framework
There are two research questions in this research. The first research question is related to perception and the second is related to preference. Each respondent
may have different perception and preference for negative feedback. Their perception and preference are
analysed based on Brookhart’s 2008 criteria of effective feedback, directness based on Smith 1991, Ardissono, Boella, and
Lesmo 1995, and the use of hedging devices based on Salager- Meyer’s taxonomy
as cited by Nasiri, 2012. In answering the first research questions, the researcher uses the framework
displayed in Figure 2.1. In the framework, it can be seen that for the first research question related to how the respondents perceive negative feedback. The researcher
focuses on the need, motivation, and clarity of negative feedback. The focuses are represented in the questionnaire part A, which is written as QA with its respective
number shown in Figure 2.1.
Figure 2.1 RQ 1 Framework
Research Question 1
Clarity QA
8, 11 Motivation
QA 3-5
QA 9, 12
Need QA
1-2 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
23 The second research question is related to preference. ELESP students’
preference is decided using the framework shown in Figure 2.2. The analysis for the second research question is based on part A of the questionnaire and part B of
the questionnaire. Part A of the questionnaire is used to deci de ELESP students’
preference for negative feedback in general. Meanwhile, part B, which is written as QB,
is used to know ELESP students’ preference for negative feedback.
Figure 2.2 RQ 2 Framework
The preferred negative feedback was concluded based on ELESP students’
answers to the questionnaire. Each student may have different combination for his or her preferred negative feedback. Their preference was analysed based on the
form based on Brookhart’s 2008 definition, directness based on Smith, Ardissono, Boella, and Lesmo 1995, and the use of hedging devices based on Salager-
Meyer’s taxonomy as cited by Nasiri, 2012, p. 152.
Research Question 2
From Part A OralWritten QA 6
DirectIndirect QA 7, 10
From Part B
Case I Written Preference, reason, and feeling
Case II Oral Preference, reason, and feeling
24
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Chapter three contains the methodology used in this research. This chapter includes seven sections, namely research method, research setting, research
participants, research instrument, data gathering technique, data analysis technique, and research procedures.
A. Research Method
Survey is used in order to answer the research problems. Ary, Jacobs, Sorensen, Razavieh 2010 state that the survey is a widely used research method
for gathering data, ranging from physical counts and frequencies to attitudes and opinions p. 379. Generalization can be drawn from a survey result and the main
target of this research is to make a generalization from ELESP students. Thus, a survey is considered to be the most appropriate methodology as the focus of this
research is about how ELESP students perceive negative feedback. The survey used questionnaire to gather the data.
In doing a survey, there are several steps to be followed. Based on a survey guide by Thayer-Hart, N., Dykema, J., Elver, K., Schaeffer, N. C., and Stevenson,
J. 2010, p. 4, there are five steps to be done in conducting a survey. The steps are shown in Figure 3.1.
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