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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Place and Time of the Research
1. Reseach Location
The research was conducted at SMPN 12 Tasikmalaya at the eighth graders in academic year of 20122013 which is located on Jl. Sutisna Senjaya
Kawalu, Tasikmalaya.
2. Research Time Frame
The research was conducted from July to January 2013. To make it clear, it is shown in the following time schedule.
Table 3.1 Research Time Frame
Activities July
Aug Sep
Oct Nov
Dec Jan
Arranging Proposal X
X Conducting
Proposal Seminar
X Trying out Instrument
X Conducting Treatment
X X
Colecting and Analyzing the Data
X Making Report
X X
B. Research Method
Related to the problems and purposes of the study, the researcher applied an experimental study with a quantitative approach. An experimental study is
defined as technique, which attempts to find out cause and effect relationship. Fraenkel and Wallen 1993: 240 state that experimental study is one of the
most powerful research methodologies, because it is the best way to establish cause and effect relationship between variables. There are three kinds of the
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research in this study: independent, dependent, and attributive variable. Independent variables are semantic mapping and lecturing. Dependent variable
is reading ability. While, attributive variable is intelligence.
Meanwhile, a quantitative approach is a kind of research that gives a pressure in the systematic analysis, using statistic analysis toward quantitative
data that includes correlational study, experiment, and ex-post facto. Because the researcher wants to assess both independent variables, so factorial design is used
to analyze the main effects of both experimental variables as well as an analysis of the interaction between treatments, using semantic mapping and lecturing
strategy. It allows two or more different characteristics, treatments, or events to be independently varied within single study. This research is designed to describe
and to prove the influence of using semantic mapping to teach reading viewed from students’ intelligence.
C. Population, Sample, and Sampling
This point depicts about population, sample, and sampling of this research. Those are as follows:
1. Population
According to Best 1981: 8, a population is any group of individuals that
have one or more characteristics in common that are of interest to the researcher. The population of this research is all the eighth graders of SMPN 12 Tasikmalaya
in academic year of 20122013. The total numbers of population are about 380 students divided into 9 classes.
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2. Sample
According to Best 1981: 8, sample is a small proportion of a population selected for observation and analysis. The sample of this research are two classes,
the eighth graders D and C of SMPN 12 Tasikmalaya in academic year 20122013. The number of students of each class is 40 students.
3. Sampling
In determining the sample, the researcher took the sample of this research by using cluster random sampling technique. This technique is used because the
population of this research consists of some classes and each class is relatively homogeneous, it is used to take two classes, eighth D as an experimental class and
eighth C as a control class. The experimental class will be taught using semantic mapping while the control class will be taught using lecturing to teach reading.
D. Technique of Collecting the Data
The researcher used a test to collect the data. Gay 1992: 154 states that a test is a means of measuring the knowledge, skill, intelligence, or aptitude of an
individual or group. There are two kinds of instruments which are used in this research, reading test and students’ intelligence document. Reading test is used to
know students’ ability in reading while students’ intelligence document is used to collect the data of students’ intelligence. The form of test is objective test.
For the IQ test, the students were already tested by their own school, therefore the researcher will use those score as the data. The IQ test in this
research has been conducted by Lembaga Pengembangan Sumber Daya Manusia LPSDM Pelita Harapan Bangsa which is located at Perum Green Java No. 1
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Cawang, Magelang. Hotline 0293 5503332. According to the test above, there
are some intelligence score classifications to be considered: Table 3.2. Intelligence Score Classifications
Those scores used in this research is equal with the aspects of general intelligence. I
ntelligence is human’s ability to use his knowledge in learning a new knowledge, solving the problem, making good responses from truth or fact,
carrying abstract thinking, adapting and learning from the experience, and evaluating and judgment.
The result of intelligence test is used to classify the students into two groups: students having high and low intelligence. The score of students’
intelligence for experimental class are 120, 119, 119, 118,118, 116, 116, 115, 114,114, 113, 111, 110, 110, 109, 108, 108, 108, 107, 106, 106, 106, 105, 104,
103, 102, 102, 101, 101, 100, 100, 100, 99, 99, 98, 98, 98, 97, 97, and 97. Whereas, the students’ intelligence for control group are 120, 120, 119, 119, 118,
118, 116, 116, 114, 113, 113, 112, 112, 111, 111, 111, 110, 110, 109, 108, 105, 105, 105, 104, 104, 102, 102, 100, 100, 99, 99, 98, 98, 96, 96, 95, 95, 94, 94, and
94. Meanwhile, reading test is in multiple choice forms. According to Heaton
175: 14 multiple choice item is now widely regarded as being one of the most useful of all objective item types. The test must be valid and reliable. Therefore,
the test will be tried out to know the validity and reliability. Validity and
Score Category
120-140 Superior
89-119 Normal
69-78 Inferior
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reliability are the most important characteristics to measure the isntrument. The Product Moment formula is used to know validity of reading test:
n x
S
t
2
i i
t t
i o
q p
S X
X r
Where:
i
X = The mean of correct answer for item no i
t
X
The mean of total score
t
S
The standard deviation
i
p
The proportion of students who respond correctly for the item no i
i
q
The proportion of student who responds in correctly for the item no i
If r
o
is higher than r
t,
the item is valid. The next formula KR 20 Kuder-Richardson is used to know the reliability
of the reading test:
2
1 1
t kk
S pq
k k
r
Where:
kk
r
The estimated reliability or coefficient of reliability
k
The number of valid items on the test
p
The proportion of student who responds correctly of each item
q
p
1
2 t
S
= Observed score variance.
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If r
o
is higher than r
t,
the test is reliable. To make the reading instrument, the researcher needs to relate of construct
theory that has been extended before. The reading construct is” reading ability is a process to decoding the written symbol which involves a reader in understanding
the information from a text to find main idea, explicit and implicit information, word references, and meaning of certain word based on the context.
” To conduct the try out test, the reading test consist of 60 items. Those
items are from two genre: descriptive and recount text. They consist of 12 items of understanding the meaning of certain word based on the context, 12 items of
understanding references, 12 items of understanding main ideas, 12 items of understanding implicit information, 12 items of understanding explicit
information. Those all can be seen in the blue print of reading test before try out see appendics 1.3 page 180.
Try out test was done in class VIII F consisting of 37 students in 90 minutes. It was done before the treatment in experimental and control class. The
next step was analyzing the data to know validity and reliability. The result of try out showed 46 items were valid. Reliability test was obtained 0.93. It can be
stated that the r-obtained is higher than r-table or r
o
0.93 r
t
at the significance level
= 0.05 0.320, so the instrument used was reliable. The researcher only used 45 the validity items to test for the students of experimental and the control
class after treatment.
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N X
X x
t t
2 1
2 2
N X
n X
n X
n X
n X
x
t b
2 4
2 4
3 2
3 2
2 2
1 2
1 2
2 2
1 2
b w
x x
x
N X
n X
n X
x
c c
c c
bc
2 1
2 2
2 1
2 1
2
N X
n X
n X
x
r r
r r
br
2 1
2 2
2 1
2 1
2
2 2
2 int
br bc
b
x x
x x
N X
X x
t t
2 1
2 2
E. Technique of Analysing the Data
Kategori