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Post- Reading
Activity 16.
Asking the
students’ difficulties.
17. Giving the assingnment
18. Leave taking.
13. Reinforcing and summarizing the
material which has been discussed. 14.
Giving the assingnment 15.
Leave taking.
E. Intelligence
1. The Concept of Intelligence
Intelligence is general term to describe human mind which covers many interrelated abilities, such as the ability in solving the problem, reasoning,
planning, thinking abstractly to use language, conveying idea, understanding ideas and learning. According to Carol 2012: 1 intelligence is capacity for
knowledge and the ability to acquire: capacity for reason, ability to comprehend relationship, ability to evaluate and judge, and capacity for original and productive
thought. Meanwhile, Gardner 1999: 6 states that human intelligence involves
skills of the problem solving which enable the individual to solve the problems, to create an effective product, and to have awork for the acquisition of new
knowledge.
Further, Santrock 1990: 115 states intelligence is problem-solving skills, the ability to adapt and to learn from life’s every day experience. Vygotsky in
Santrock 1990: 115 says that intelligence is the ability to use the tools of the culture with help for more- skilled individual.
Later on, Thordike in Djaali 2007: 64 defines intelligence as demonstrable in ability of individual to make good responses from the stand point
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of truth or fact. According Terman in Djaali 2007: 64 intelligence is the ability to carry on abstract thinking.
From the theories above, it can be summarized that intelligence is human’s
ability to use his knowledge in learning a new knowledge, solving the problem, making good responses from truth or fact, carrying abstract thinking, adapting and
learning from the experience, and evaluating and judgment.
2. Theories and Types of Intelligence
Intelligence is one the most talked about subject within psychology. Some researchers have suggested that intelligence is a single, general ability, while other
believe that intelligence includes a range of aptitudes, skills and talents. Cherry 2012: 1 states that the following are some of the major theories and types of
intelligence: a.
Charles Spearman - General Intelligence British psychologist Charles Spearman 1863-1945 described a concept he
referred to as general intelligence, or the g factor. After using a technique known
as factor analysis to to examine a number of mental aptitude tests, Spearman concluded that scores on these tests were remarkably similar. People who
performed well on one cognitive test tended to perform well on other tests, while those who scored badly on one test tended to score badly on others. He concluded
that intelligence is general cognitive ability that could be measured and numerically expressed.
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b. Louis L. Thurstone - Primary Mental Abilities:
Psychologist Louis L. Thurstone 1887-1955 offered a differing theory of intelligence. Instead of viewing intelligence as a single, general ability,
Thurstones theory focused on seven different primary mental abilities. The abilities that he described are: verbal comprehension, reasoning, perceptual speed,
numerical ability, word fluency, associative memory, and spatial visualization. c.
Howard Gardner - Multiple Intelligences: One of the more recent ideas to emerge is Howard Gardners theory of
multiple intelligences. Instead of focusing on the analysis of test scores, Gardner proposed that numerical expressions of human intelligence are not a full and
accurate depiction of peoples abilities. His theory describes eight distinct intelligences that are based on skills and abilities that are valued within different
cultures. The eight intelligences Gardner described are: visual-spatial Intelligence, verbal-linguistic
Intelligence, bodily-kinesthetic
Intelligence, logical-
mathematical Intelligence, interpersonal Intelligence, musical Intelligence, intra personal Intelligence, and naturalistic Intelligence.
d. Robert Sternberg - Triarchic Theory of Intelligence:
Psychologist Robert Sternberg defined intelligence as mental activity directed toward purposive adaptation to, selection and shaping of, real-world
environments relevant to one’s life. While, he agreed with Gardner that intelligence is much broader than a single, general ability, he instead suggested
some of Gardners intelligences are better viewed as individual talents. Sternberg proposed what he refers to as successful intelligence, which is comprised of three
different factors:
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1
Analytical intelligence: This component refers to problem-solving abilities.
2
Creative intelligence: This aspect of intelligence involves the ability to deal
with new situations using past experiences and current skills. 3
Practical intelligence: This element refers to the ability to adapt to a changing
environment. Whereas, Gardner 2012: 1 breaks intelligence down into nine different types
are as follows: a.
Naturalist Intelligence Nature Smart Showing the human ability to discriminate among living things plants, animals
as well as sensitivity to other features of the natural world clouds, rock configurations. This ability was clearly of value in our evolutionary past as
hunters, gatherers, and farmers; it continues to be central in such roles as botanist or chef. It is also speculated that much of our consumer society exploits the
naturalist intelligences, which can be mobilized in the discrimination among cars, sneakers, kinds of makeup, and the like.
b. Musical Intelligence Musical Smart
Musical intelligence is the capacity to discern pitch, rhythm, timbre, and tone. This intelligence enables us to recognize, create, reproduce, and reflect on
music, as demonstrated by composers, conductors, musicians, vocalist, and sensitive listeners. Interestingly, there is often an affective connection between
music and the emotions; and mathematical and musical intelligences may share common thinking processes. Young adults with this kind of intelligence are
usually singing or drumming to themselves. They are usually quite aware of sounds others may miss.
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c. Logical-Mathematical Intelligence NumberReasoning Smart
Logical-mathematical intelligence is the ability to calculate, quantify, consider propositions and hypotheses, and carry out complete mathematical
operations. It enables us to perceive relationships and connections and to use abstract, symbolic thought; sequential reasoning skills; and inductive and
deductive thinking patterns. Logical intelligence is usually well developed in mathematicians, scientists, and detectives. Young adults with lots of logical
intelligence are interested in patterns, categories, and relationships. They are drawn to arithmetic problems, strategy games and experiments.
d. Existential Intelligence
Sensitivity and capacity to tackle deep questions about human existence, such as the meaning of life, why do we die, and how did we get here.
e. Interpersonal Intelligence People Smart
Interpersonal intelligence is the ability to understand and interact effectively with others. It involves effective verbal and nonverbal communication, the ability
to note distinctions among others, sensitivity to the moods and temperaments of others, and the ability to entertain multiple perspectives. Teachers, social
workers, actors, and politicians all exhibit interpersonal intelligence. Young adults with this kind of intelligence are leaders among their peers, are good at
communicating, and seem to understand others’ feelings and motives. f.
Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence Body Smart Bodily kinesthetic intelligence is the capacity to manipulate objects and use
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a variety of physical skills. This intelligence also involves a sense of timing and the perfection of skills through mind
–body union. Athletes, dancers, surgeons, and craftspeople exhibit well-developed bodily kinesthetic intelligence.
g. Linguistic Intelligence Word Smart
Linguistic intelligence is the ability to think in words and to use language to express and appreciate complex meanings. Linguistic intelligence allows us to
understand the order and meaning of words and to apply meta-linguistic skills to reflect on our use of language. Linguistic intelligence is the most widely shared
human competence and is evident in poets, novelists, journalists, and effective public speakers. Young adults with this kind of intelligence enjoy writing,
reading, telling stories or doing crossword puzzles. h.
Intra-personal Intelligence Self Smart Intra-
personal intelligence is the capacity to understand oneself and one’s thoughts
and feelings,
and to
use such
knowledge in
planning and directioning
one’s life. Intra-personal intelligence involves not only an appreciation of the self, but also of the human condition. It is evident in
psychologist, spiritual leaders, and philosophers. These young adults may be shy. They are very aware of their own feelings and are self-motivated.
i. Spatial Intelligence Picture Smart
Spatial intelligence is the ability to think in three dimensions. Core capacities include mental imagery, spatial reasoning, image manipulation, graphic
and artistic skills, and an active imagination. Sailors, pilots, sculptors, painters, and architects all exhibit spatial intelligence. Young adults with this kind of
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intelligence may be fascinated with mazes or jigsaw puzzles, or spend free time drawing or daydreaming.
3. Factors Affecting Intelligence
