e. Translation As a Product
After doing the process of translation, there will be “result” of translation. As mentioned above, Munday 2001: 4 explaining some meanings
of translation, one of them is translation as “product” ; the text has been translated. Beside, Bell 1991: 13 also defines that translation is a product of
the process of translation i.e the translation text. In this case, the readers only read the product without knowing the process.
It is needed to know the differences between translation as a “process”
and as a “result” known as product. In this view, Bell describes as follows. “the process or result of converting information from one language or
language variety into another… the aim is to reproduce as acc
urately as
possible all grammatical and lexical features of the „source language’. At some time all factual information continued in the original text… must be retained in
the translation Bell, 1991: 13” Bell 1991:13 concludes that translation is the abstract concept which
encompasses both the process of translating and product of that process
f. Common Problems in Translation
Occasionally the translator finds few problems in reproducing the equivalent context in the TL. On the other hand, the translator is demanded to
fulfill this equivalency aspect. Mona Baker in her book
In The Other Words
1992: 21 – 25 offers some common problems of non – equivalency of word
level as follows:
1 Culture Specific Concept
The SL word may express a concept which is totally unknown in the target culture Baker, 1992: 21. The concepts may relate to religious belief, a
social custom or even a type of food, etc. translating the specific concept is not easy because they have different culture for each country.
2 The SL concept is not lexicalized in the TL.
The SL word may express a concept which is know in the target culture but simply is not lexicalized, that is not allocated the TL word to express it
Baker, 1992 : 21. Usually, the target readers understand the SL concept although the concept is not translated into the TL.
3 The SL word is semantically complex.
The common problem in translation is the SL word may be semantically complex. It is occurs because a single word can express more than
one meaning in the sentence. Baker 1992:21 says that single word consist of a single morphem can sometimes expressed a more complex set of meaning than
a whole sentence 4
The SL and TL make different distinction in meaning The TL may make more or fewer distinction in meaning than the SL.
5 The TL lacks a super-ordinate
The TL may have specific word hyponym but do not have general word super ordinate to lead the semantic field. Baker 1992:22 gives
example that Russian has no ready equivalency for “facilities” meaning and
equipment building, services, etc. Baker 1992: 23 states that languages tends to have general words
subordinate but lack specific ones hyponym, since each language makes only those distinctions in meaning which is relevant to its particular
environment. 6
Differences in physical or interpersonal perspective Physical perspective has to do with where things or people are in
relation to one another or to a place, as expressed in pairs of words such as comego, takebring. Arrivedepart, etc: including the relationship between
participants in discourse. 7
Difference in expressive meaning There may be the TL word, which has the same propotional meaning in
the SL word, but it may have different expressive meaning Baker, 1992;23. The problem is that the expressive meaning in the TL word is different from
that of the SL. 8
Difference in a form Baker 1992:24 states that certain suffixes and prefixes, which transfer
proportional meaning and other types of meaning in English often, have no direct equivalency in another language.
9 The use of loan word in the SL.
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