17 congratulating, pardoning, blaming, praising, and condoling. For example: “Look,
I’m sorry, I didn’t mean that.” pardoning.
c. Perlocutionary
Based on Searle 2010, perlocutionary means that the effect of the utterances on the hearer depends on specific circumstances p.25. It contains acts
of persuading, embarrassing, intimidating, imitating, or inspiring the hearer. For example: “Come on, give it a try” which means that the speaker persuades the
hearer by using language to utter something and do what the speaker is urging to do. Moreover, Sealer 1987 says that:
The speech act or acts performed in the utterance of a sentence are in general a function of the meaning of the sentence. The meaning of the
sentence does not in all cases uniquely determine what speech act is performed in a given utterance of that sentence, for a speaker may mean
more that what he actually says, but it is always in principle possible for him to say exactly what he means p.18.
It can be said that the meaning of a sentence may mean more and it determine of what speech act is performed and given in the speaker’s utterance.
Therefore, the hearer can catch the meaning based on the speaker’s speech acts performed.
3. Implicature
People exchange meanings and intentions in their communication. They express their ideas and feelings. They do this to get information from their
surrounding discourse. The study of implicature has developed very well and now it is forming the cornerstone of most pragmatic approaches. Implicature is a
18 proposition that implied by the utterance of a sentence in a context. Wagiman
2008 states that implicature is something which is implied in a conversation that is something left implicit in an actual language use p.54. The speaker does not
express the meaning explicitly. For example, in the class, a teacher says to the students “The exam is close” It may imply that the teacher reminds the students
that they must prepare for the exam. If the utterance above is made by a father to their son, the utterance has the same purpose to advise the children not to waste
time because they have to study hard for the exam. As stated by Yule 1996, implicature is an additional conveyed meaning.
It is something that is more than just what the word means p.40. It means that implicature is implied meaning that can be considered as an additional conveyed
meaning. It is attained when a speaker intends to communicate more than just what the words mean. It is the speaker who communicates something via
implicature and the hearer recognizes those communicated meanings via inference. Implicature is inferred based on the assumption that the speaker
observes or flouts from some principles of cooperation. Based on Peccei 1997, implicature is inferences that cannot be made
from isolated utterances p.43. They depend on the context of the utterance and shared knowledge between the speaker and the hearer. Grice 1983 states the
word “implicature” for theory use of speaker’s meaning p.127. Moreover, implicature will be habitual associated with the relevant expression in all ordinary
contexts. Therefore, the hearer is able to hypothesis about the speaker’s meaning based on the meaning of the sentence uttered, the background or contextual
