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purpose of translating text 2 and 3 is to present all the meaning, beauty, and the style contained in it, then, translation is impossible.
2.2 Process, Product and Theory
Above we provided a definition of translation which left ambiguous the term ‘translation’. A second crucial point is needed to distinguish between the three
meanings of the term ‘translation’. Translation can denote the meaning of translating, a translation or translation.
Translating is the process to translate the activity rather than the tangible object whereas a translation is the product of the process of translating for
example the translated text. According to Hatim and Munday 2004:3 “the first of these two senses relates to translation as a process, the second to the product”.
This immediately means that term translation encompasses very distinct perspectives. The first senses focuses on the role of the translator in taking the
original or source text ST and turning it into a text in another language The Target Text, TT. The second sense centres on the concrete translation product
produced by translator.
Shuttleworth and Cowle in Hatim and Munday 2004:3 defined “translation an incredibly notion which can be understood in many different ways. For
example one may talk of translation as a process or a product…” In addition Machali 2000:9 expressed this view as follows:
“Perbedaan antara produk dan proses ini penting sekali dalam kegiatan penerjemahan. Apabila kita melihat penerjemahan sebagai proses berarti kita
meneliti jalan yang dilalui penerjemah untuk sampai pada hasil akhir. Kita
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melihat tahap-tahap apa saja yang dilalui seoarng penerjemah, prosedur apa yang di dilewatinya,metode apa yang digunakan untuk menerjemahkan dan
mengapa dia memilih metode itu, mengapa ia memilih suatu istilah tertentu untuk menerjemahkan suatu konsep dan bukannya memilih istilah lain yang
sama maknanya, dan sebagainya”.
Nababan states 1999:24, “proses penerjemahan dapat diartikan sebagai serangkaian kegiatan yang dilakukan oleh seorang penerjemah pada saat dia
mengalihkan amanat dari bahasa sumber ke dalam bahasa sasaran”.
Next, Nida and Taber 1969 explain the process of translating as follows ’Translating consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural
equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style’.
In this chapter, however, I shall focus on the third meaning of translation that is translation theory. In a narrow sense, translation theory is concerned with
the translation method appropriately used for a certain type of text. However, in a wider sense, translation theory is the body of knowledge that we have about
translating, extending from general principles to guidelines, suggestions and hints.
Newmark 1988:9 defines, “what translation theory does is, first, to identify a translation problem no problem – no translation theory; second to
indicate all the factors that have to be taken into account in solving the problem; third, to list all the possible translation procedures or methods; finally, to
recommend the most suitable translation procedures, plus the appropriate translation”. Translation theory is pointless and sterile if it does not arise from the
problems of translation practice, from the need to stand back and reflect, to consider all the factors, within the text and outside it, before coming into a
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decision in fact translating or translation process is a matter of taking decisions. Because translation has to do with selecting one option among many, many
scholars take it as an artistic activity; others, however, argue that because it arise
thinking and discussions and has to do with grammatical rules, it is a science.
The linguistic approach to translation theory focusing on the key issues of meaning, equivalence and shift began to emerge around 50 years ago. This branch
of linguistics, known as structural linguistics, features the work of Roman Jakobson, Eugene Nida, Newmark, Koller, Vinay, Darbelnet, Catford and van
Leuven-Zwart.
The emphasis of the structural approach to translation changes towards the end of the 1950s with the work of Vinay and Darbelnet. Vinay and Darbelnet in
venuti 2000:84 identify two methods of translating, the first of three procedures are direct, or literal translation and the other procedures are called oblique
translation. Literal translation occurs when there is an exact structural, lexical, and even morphological equivalence between two languages. According to Vinay and
darbelnet, this is only possible when the two languages are very close two each other. The literal translation direct procedures are borrowing, calque and literal
translation. While oblique translation occurs when word for word translation is possible. The oblique procedures are transposition, modulation, equivalence and
adaptation.
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