a. Step A is simpler, step B is complex
b. Step A is more controlled, step B is more open-ended, requires
more initiative. c.
Step A provides knowledge or skills required to do step B. d.
Step A uses receptive skills listeningreading, step B uses productive skills speakingwriting or input before action.
e. Step A uses productive skills to activate knowledge, step B
uses receptive skills to consolidate knowledge. Other approaches to sequencing include Graves, 2000:
a. Going from the other another‟s viewpoint to self, the
subjective one‟s own viewpoint. b.
The steps could be reversed, from personal experience to universal experience.
5. Materials Development
a. Definition of MaterialsDevelopment
When developing a text book or other instructional materials, it is absolutely important to know the nature of developing material, the
sequences of process underlying the material development, and aspects that influence the successful result of material development.
According to Graves 2000, material development for teachers designing a course is the process including creating, choosing or
adapting, and organizing materials and activities in order to facilitate students in attaining the objectives of the course. The material contains
several units and in each unit contains lessons that will carry out the goals of the course. In addition, the materials that teachers develop are
affected by teachers‟ belief and understandings about teaching and learning languages because the materials apply to the particular course
in its particular context. Therefore, the process of material development involves deciding how to put teaching principles into
practice Graves, 2000. Furthermore, Tomlinson 1998 states that a material is the
term to refer anything which is used by teachers or learners to facilitate the learning of a language. Therefore, the term material development
concerns with any attempt which is done by writers, teachers, or learners to provide sources of language input and to exploit those
sources in ways which maximize the intake. According to Richards 2010, the goal of material development is to develop a sequence of
activities that leads the teachers and learners pass the learning route that is at an appropriate level of difficulty. The set of activities are
engaging as well so that it provides motivating and useful practice.
b. Roles of Materials in English Language Instruction
It cannot be ignored that the existence of instructional materials in a language teaching and learning process has many
advantages to facilitate activities in a language classroom. Teaching material is a key component in most a language teaching. It is because
the existence of material provides the basis in providing the students
language input as well as involving students to practice the language output in a language classroom Richards, 2001.
In addition, materials have the role as a spoken and written resource for presentation of materials. The practice and communicative
interactions for learner are also provided by the materials. Both stimulation and ideas arising are generated form materials in classroom
activities. In term of the advantages for less experienced teachers, materials support them to gain the confidence and also provide ideas
on how to plan and teach the lesson Cunningsworth, 1995 in Richards, 2001.
Besides materials have significant roles in language classroom, English language teaching materials also facilitate in
promoting language acquisition and development. First, some of ELT materials assist learners to make some discoveries by themselves.
Second, learners can become the independent learners by the assistance of materials. Third, learners can customize and localize their
experience in learning language. Tomlinson, 2008. Thus, the existence of materials in language teaching and
learning has significant roles upon the successfulness of a language classroom in providing language sources as well as facilitating
language practices. Furthermore, it should be noted that it is also important to consider the role of ELT materials both in language
classroom and in language acquisition development.
c. Process of MaterialsDevelopment
