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in, and on. The researcher is also optimistic that the present research will help other researchers to open up new discussions about translation studies from new
perspectives.
B. Problem Formulation
The problem of the present research can be formulated as follows: 1.
What are the translation variations of the locative prepositions at, in, and on in Ernest Hemingway’s four short stories in Indonesian?
2. What are the translation variations of the locative prepositions at, in, and
on in Ernest Hemingway’s four short stories when assessed with the back translation method?
C. Objectives of the Study
According to the formulated problems, the objectives of this research are two layers. The first is to analyze the variations of the Indonesian translations of
the locative prepositions in Ernest Hemingway’s short stories. The second is to see if there are other translation variations of the locative prepositions in Ernest
Hemingway’s short stories using back translation method. D.
Definition of Terms
In order to avoid misconception and confusion about the terms used in the present study, certain terms are defined below.
Preposition. As quoted from THE STUDENTS ABILITY IN USING
PREPOSITION “A Case Study at Faculty Of Letters Of Hasanuddin University” by Binti Mus, it is stated that preposition is
a word that shows the relationship between two words in a sentence. Prepositions are always followed by nouns or pronouns. They are
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connective words that show the relationship between the nouns following them and one of the basic sentences elements: subject, verb, object, or
complement. They usually indicate relationship, such as position, place, direction, time, manner, agent, possession, and condition, between their
objects and other parts of the sentence 2012: 2. Translation.
Catford in A Lingusitic Theory of Translation states that “translation is an operation performed on languages: a process of substituting a
text in one language for a text in another” 1974: 1. Back translation.
As quoted from ”Translation of Measurement Instruments and their Reliability: An Example of Job-Related Affective Well-
Being Scale”, the back translation method is “where first the instrument is translated into the target language and then translated back to the source language
by an independent translator” Rode, 2005: 16. Derived from the statement above, back translation method is conducted by asking the native speaker of the
source language who is also fluent in both source and target language to translate
the target text back into its source language.
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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE
This chapter is divided into three parts. The first part provides reviews of some researches with similar topics done previously by other researchers to see
how the previous researches are relevant and different with the present research. The second part is the reviews of related theories. It explains the theories that are
relevant to be used in analyzing the problems in the present research. The last part of this chapter consists of the explanation on how the theories are able to solve the
formulated problems.
A. Review of Related Studies
1. Purwaningsih’s undergraduate thesis “Translation Mapping of the
English Preposition Above, Beyond, and Over in Jeanne’s DuPrau City of
Ember into Indonesian and Their Equivalence in Back Translation”
Purwaningsih’s undergraduate thesis discusses the translation mapping of preposition above, beyond, below and its equivalence seen using back translation
method. By using back translation method, Purwaningsih proves that the more similar the result of the back translation method, the greater the equivalence of the
translation. This study is relevant to the present research for the reason that both researches focus on the translation variations of prepositions and use back
translation method. Both theses also use semantic perspective in analyzing the translation variations. However, Purwaningsih’s thesis uses back translation
method to assess the equivalence of the translation, yet the present research uses back translation method to see the possibility of the translation of locative
preposition at, in, and on. Purwaningsih’s thesis focuses on the preposition above, PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
beyond, and below, whereas the present research focuses on the preposition at, in, and on. In addition, Purwaningsih’s thesis uses Jeanne Du Prau’s novel City of
Ember as the data source, while the present research uses Ernest Hemingway’s short stories titled “The Capital of the World”, “Soldier’s Home”, “The
Undefeated”, and “The Light of the World” as the object data source of the research.
2. Antonius Heri Purwanta’s thesis “A Contrastive Analysis between
English Preposition of Place AT, IN, ON and Indonesian Preposition of
Place DI, DI ATAS, DI DALAM, PADA”
Purwanta’s thesis focuses on the contrastive analysis between locative preposition at, in, on and certain Indonesian prepositions. Both Purwanta’s thesis
and the present research use semantic approach to analyze the prepositions. Both theses also have the same locative prepositions which are at, in and on as the
object. The differences lay on the topic, Purwanta’s thesis contrasts the locative prepositions with certain Indonesian prepositions and the difficulties found in
learning them, whereas, the present research has the aim to find out the translation variations of the locative prepositions. The present research also employs back
translation method in order to see how the Indonesian translations of those locative prepositions are translated back into English, while Purwanta’s thesis
does not. The data source of the research is also different. Purwanta collects the data for his thesis from some editions of “Jakarta Post” newspaper. The present
research, however, uses Ernest Hemingway’s short stories titled “The Capital of PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
the World”, “Soldier’s Home”, “The Undefeated”, and “The Light of the World”
as the data source. B.
Review of Related Theories 1.
Theories of Translation
“Translation is an operation performed on languages: a process of substituting a text in one language for a text in another” Catford, 1974: 1.
Basically, translation is the activity of transferring a message from the source language to the target language. As stated by Nida and Taber in the book The
Theory and Practice of Translation, translation has the goal to reproduce the message. In reproducing the message, however, the translator needs to make
grammatical and lexical adjustments 1974: 12. Therefore, the changes that occur during the translation process are inevitable.
2. Theories of Prepositions
Prepositions are classified as function words that have the main function to relate words and form grammatical structures Withers and Brockman, 1980: v.
In Indonesian, according to the classification made by Anto M. Moeliono in Tata Bahasa Indonesia: Penggolongan Kata, generally, a preposition always precedes
a noun and it never comes in the end of a sentence Ramlan, 1985: 43. Randolph Quirk, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik in A Comprehensive
Grammar of the English Language propose that prepositions may denote several possible meanings. First is the prepositions that denote spatial relation, second is
the prepositions that denote temporal meaning, third is the prepositions that denote the causepurpose spectrum, fourth is the prepositions that denote the
