Translation variationsof locative preposition at, in, on with reference to Ernest Hemingway`s short stories.

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ABSTRACT

ASTUTI, ARUM WIDYA.

Translation Variations of Locative

Preposition at, in,

on

with Reference to Ernest Hemingway’s

Short Stories.

Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2016.

The present research discusses about the translation variations of English locative preposition at, in, on in Ernest Hemingway’s selected short stories and the results of the translation variations revert back into English. The present research deals with prepositional meanings in two different languages. The prepositions’ meanings that overlap each other open up the possibility for the prepositions to be translated into various prepositions in another language.

The present research tries to arrive at the following objections. The first is to analyze the translation variations of locative preposition at, in, and on in Ernest Hemingway’s short stories. The second is to show how the translation variations are assessed using back translation method and find out if there is any other translation variation of the prepositions when it is translated back into the source language.

The present research employs the library and field research as the methodologies. The translation variations and meaning of the prepositions are analyzed using the prepositional meaning theory. In the back translation method, respondents who are native speakers of SL but have a good proficiency in both SL and TL are asked to translate the TT sample data back into SL.

According to the analysis, it is found that locative preposition at has five translation variations in Indonesia, six translation variations for locative preposition in, and six translation variations for locative preposition on. From the results of back translation method, it can be seen that only some of data are satisfactorily translated into the same prepositions. It is 35% for locative preposition at, 64% for locative preposition in, and 54% for locative preposition on. The results differ for the reason that the meaning of the preposition is perceived differently by each respondent. Based on the analysis and the preposition theories, the use of prepositions that is somehow interchangeable and only has slight difference in meaning is because it is affected by its environment and context.

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ABSTRAK

ASTUTI, ARUM WIDYA.

Translation Variations of Locative

Preposition at, in,

on

with Reference to Ernest Hemingway’s

Short Stories.

Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2016.

Penelitian ini membahas tentang variasi terjemahan dari preposisi lokatif at, in, on dalam beberapa cerita pendek karya Ernest Hemingway dan hasil dari variasi terjemahan tersebut yang diterjemahkan kembali dalam bahasa Inggris. Penelitian ini berkaitan dengan arti preposisi dalam dua bahasa yang berbeda. Preposisi yang memiliki arti sama atau dapat menggantikan satu sama lain membuka lebar kemungkinan bahwa satu preposisi dapat diterjemahkan menjadi beragam preposisi di bahasa lain.

Penelitian ini memiliki dua tujuan sebagai berikut. Pertama adalah untuk menganalisa variasi terjemahan dari preposisi lokatif at, in, on dalam beberapa cerita pendek karya Ernest Hemingway. Kedua adalah untuk melihat variasi terjemahan dari preposisi tersebut jika diterjemahkan kembali dalam bahasa Inggris.

Metodologi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah studi prepustakaan dan studi lapangan. Variasi terjemahan dan arti dari preposisi dianalisa menggunakan teori tentang arti preposisi. Dalam metode back translation, responden yang merupakan penutur asli bahasa Inggris yang juga cakap berbahasa Indonesia diminta untuk menerjemahkan sampel data dari teks hasil terjemahan kembali ke bahasa Inggris.

Berdasarkan analisis yang telah dilakukan, preposisi lokatif at memiliki lima variasi terjemahan dalam bahasa Indonesia, preposisi lokatif in memiliki enam variasi terjemahan dalam bahasa Indonesia, dan preposisi lokatif on memiliki enam variasi terjemahan dalam bahasa Indonesia. Hasil dari metode back translation meunjukkan bahwa tidak semua data berhasil diterjemahkan sesuai dengan preposisi awal di bahasa Inggris. Sebanyak 35% dari data dengan preposisi lokatif at berhasil diterjemahkan kembali, 64% dari data dengan preposisi lokatif in berhasil diterjemahkan kembali, dan 54% dari data dengan preposisi lokatif on berhasil diterjemahkan kembali. Hasil dari metode back translation yang berbeda disebabkan oleh responden yang menginterpretasikan arti dari preposisi secara berbeda-beda. Mengacu pada analisis dan teori preposisi, penggunaan preposisi yang bisa dibilang dapat saling menggantikan satu sama lain dan tidak berpengaruh banyak pada arti dari kalimat tersebut dipengaruhi oleh struktur keseluruhan dan konteks kalimat tersebut.

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TRANSLATION VARIATIONS OF LOCATIVE PREPOSITION

AT, IN, ON WITH REFERENCE TO ERNEST HEMINGWAY’S

SHORT STORIES

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

In English Letters

ARUM WIDYA ASTUTI Student Number: 124214099

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA 2016

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TRANSLATION VARIATIONS OF LOCATIVE PREPOSITION

AT, IN, ON WITH REFERENCE TO ERNEST HEMINGWAY’S

SHORT STORIES

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra

In English Letters

ARUM WIDYA ASTUTI Student Number: 124214099

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS

FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA 2016

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ASarjana SastraUndergraduate Thesis

TRANSLATION VARIATIONS OF LOCATIVE PREPOSITION

AT, IN, ON

WITH REFERENCE TO ERNEST HEMINGWAY'S

SHORT STORIES

ARlJM WIDYA ASTUTI

Student Number: 124214099

Approved by

August 12,2016 August 12,2016

Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A. Co-Advisor

Harris Hermansyah S., S.S., M.Hum. Advisor

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ASarjana SastraUndergraduate Thesis

TRANSLATION VARIATIONS OF LOCATIVE PREPOSITION

AT, IN, ON

WITH REFERENCE TO ERNEST HEMINGWAY'S

SHORT STORIES

ARUM WIDYA ASTUTI

Student Number: 124214099

Defended before the Board of Examiners On August 30, 2016

And Declared Acceptable

BOARD OF EXAMINERS

Name

Chairpreson : Dr.F.X. Siswadi, M.A.

Secretary : Dra. A.B. Sri Mulyani, M.A., Ph.D.

Member 1 :Scolastica Wedhowerti, S.Pd., M.Hum.

Member2 :_Harris Hermansyah S., S.S., M.Hum. Member 3 :_Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A.

Yogyakarta, August 31, 2016 Faculty of Letters Sanata Dharma University

Dean

Dr. P. Ari Subagyo, M.Hum.

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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY

I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been

previously submitted for the award of any other degree at any university, and that,

to the best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material

previously written by any other person except where due reference is made in the text of the undergraduate thesis.

Yogyakarta, August 11,2016

Lti

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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAl-I UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dhat111a

Nama

Nomor mahasiswa

: Arum Widya Astuti : 124214099

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan UniversitasSanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul

TRANSLATION VARIATIONS OF LOCATIVE PREPOSITION

AT, IN, ON

WITH REFERENCE TO ERNEST HEMINGWAY'S

SHORT STORIES

beserta perangkat yang diperIukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dhanna hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbata, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untik kepentingan akademis tanpa perIu meminta izin kepada saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

Demikian pemyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

Dibuat di Yogyakarta

Pada tanggal 11 Agustus 2016

Yang menyatakan,

"lim Widya Astuti

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vii

We all need people who will give us feedback. That’s how we improve. Bill Gates

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viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I have learned that this undergraduate thesis would not come into being without the help of the others. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to everyone who has contributed to the writing process of this thesis.

First of all, I praise Allah SWT for giving me blessings and strength to get through tough times until I can finally finish this piece of work.

I would like to express my special appreciation to Harris Hermansyah S., S.S., M.Hum. as my superb thesis advisor for the guidance, encouragement, and invaluable advices during the writing process. I am also grateful tomy co-advisor, Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A., for the suggestions and correction on my undergraduate thesis. . I would like to address my gratitude to my main examiner, Scolastica Wedhowerti, S.Pd., M.Hum. I would like also to thank all lecturers in English Letters Department for all the help and motivation during my study.

None of this could have happened without all the love, support, and prayer from my family, especially my parents and my sister. Special thanks go to the center of my universe for all the life roller coasters we’ve been through. I would like to extend my gratitude to my self-proclaimed duo Kendall and Kylie, my growing-up partner, my dear Cebel, Om Erik as my amazing respondent and editor, my squads, my friends, my fellow thesis fighters, my wonderful respondents, and all parties I cannot mention here for the support throughout the entire process. A billion thanks will not be enough.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ... ii

APPROVAL PAGE ... iii

ACCEPTANCE PAGE ... iv

LEMBAR PENYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ... v

STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ... vi

MOTTO PAGE ... vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... ix

LIST OF TABLES ... xi

ABSTRACT ... xii

ABSTRAK ... xiii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ... 1

A. Background of the Study ... 1

B. Problem Formulation ... 5

C. Objectives of the Study ... 5

D. Definition of Terms ... 5

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ... 7

A. Review of Related Studies ... 7

B. Review of Related Theories ... 9

1. Theories of Translation ... 9

2. Theories of Prepositions ... 9

3. Back Translation Theories ... 12

C. Theoretical Framework ... 13

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ... 14

A. Areas of Research ... 14

B. Object of the Study ... 14

C. Method of the Study ... 15

D. Research Procedure ... 15

1. Types of Data ... 15

a. Objective Data ... 15

b. Affective Data ... 16

2. Data Collection ... 16

3. Population and Sample ... 17

4. Data Analysis ... 17

CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS (RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS) ... 21

A. Translation Variations of English Locative preposition at, in, and on in Indonesian ... 21

1. The Meaning and Translation Variations of English Locative preposition at ... 22

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2. The Meaning and Translation Variations of English Locative preposition in ... 25 3. The Meaning and Translation Variations of English Locative

preposition on ... 28 B. Results and Discussions of Back Translation Method ... 31 1. Back Translation Results of English Locative Preposition at . 32 2. Back Translation Results of English Locative Preposition in . 35 3. Back Translation Results of English Locative Preposition on 40 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ... 48 BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 50 APPENDICES ... 52

Appendix 1: Collected Data – The Group of Data with Locative

Preposition at ... 52 Appendix 2: Collected Data – The Group of Data with Locative

Preposition in ... 56 Appendix 3: Collected Data – The Group of Data with Locative

Preposition on ... 63 Appendix 4: The Sample Data ... 68 Appendix 5: The Form used for the Survey ... 71 Appendix 6: The Result of Back Translation Method from

Respondent 1 (R1) ... 74 Appendix 7: The Result of Back Translation Method from

Respondent 2 (R2) ... 77 Appendix 8: The Result of Back Translation Method from

Respondent 3 (R3) ... 80 Appendix 9: The Result of Back Translation Method from

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Example of the Meaning and the Indonesian Translation of

Locative Preposition at ... 18

Table 2. Example of Translation Variations of Locative Preposition at ... 19

Table 3. The Example of the Data Analysis of the Back Translation Results ... 19

Table 4. The Meaning and the Indonesian Translation of Locative Preposition at ... 22

Table 5. Translation Variations of Locative Preposition at ... 24

Table 6. The Meaning and the Indonesian Translation of Locative Preposition in ... 25

Table 7. Translation Variations of Locative Preposition in ... 27

Table 8. The Meaning and the Indonesian Translation of Locative Preposition on ... 28

Table 9. Translation Variations of Locative Preposition on ... 31

Table 10. Back Translation Results of Locative Preposition at ... 32

Table 11. Back Translation Results of Locative Preposition in ... 35

Table 12. Back Translation Results of Locative Preposition on ... 41

LIST OF DIAGRAMS Diagram 1. The Percentage of Locative Preposition at Translations Translated Back to the SL ... 45

Diagram 2. The Percentage of Locative Preposition in Translations Translated Back to the SL ... 46

Diagram 3. The Percentage of Locative Preposition on Translations Translated Back to the SL ... 46

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xii ABSTRACT

ASTUTI, ARUM WIDYA.

Translation Variations of Locative

Preposition at, in,

on

with Reference to Ernest Hemingway’s

Short Stories.

Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2016.

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xiii ABSTRAK

ASTUTI, ARUM WIDYA.

Translation Variations of Locative

Preposition at, in,

on

with Reference to Ernest Hemingway’s

Short Stories.

Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2016.

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1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study

Transferring information from a language to another always becomes a challenging attempt for translators. Each language contains different aspects that may become the barriers for translating the Source Text (ST) into the Target Text (TT) including the culture background of each language. The changes of form made in the process of translating the text from the source language to the target language “in order to preserve the meaning will depend upon the linguistic and and cultural distance between languages” (Nida and Taber, 1974: 5). Even when both of the Source Text language and the Target Text language have the same word categories, the process of transforming the words into another language is not that simple. As the present research focuses on the translation of prepositions, especially locative prepositions, an example on how prepositions translated from a language into another language is required. According to A Linguistic Theory of Translation by Catford that takes prepositions in English and French as the example, even prepositions in both languages have the functions as “(i) qualifiers in nominal group structure or (ii) as adjunct in clause structure”, (1974: 33) the preposition dans that occurs 134 times in a French short story are translated differently into preposition in, into, from, about, inside, and not translated at all or “not an English preposition” (1974: 30). Therefore, it can be concluded that a source language word, especially prepositions, may not have a fixed translation in the Target Language, yet it can be translated into various prepositions in the TL or have the possibility of not being translated.

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Prepositions, as described in Geoffrey Finch’s Key Concepts in Language and Linguistics are “words that relate two parts of a sentence together where the relationship is typically one of time, place, or logic” (2009: 108). According to the word classification by Anton M. Moeliono in Ramlan’s Tata Bahasa Indonesia: Penggolongan Kata, prepositions always precede nouns and it never comes in the end of a sentence. There are also three kinds of preposition mentioned, preposisi direktif (directive prepositions), preposisi agentif (agentive prepositions), and preposisi penunjuk orang (prepositions that refer to a person) (Ramlan, 1985: 43). Prepositions, however, do not come by itself. In a sentence, prepositions are found as a part of a phrase, “a syntactic unit that typically consists of more than one word, and is intermediate between word and clause level in sentences” (Finch, 2009: 106). Phrases are classified by its “head” that is taken as the phrases’ basis (Finch, 2009: 107). Thus, a phrase that has a preposition as its basis is named a prepositional phrase. While, as classified by Moeliono, prepositions are divided into three, which will create three kinds of prepositional phrase including the directive/locative prepositional phrases which have a locative preposition as its head.

To translate the locative prepositions to the target language, the changing or shift is inevitable, for “prepositions are famous for being used in their own special and “different” way in each language” (Gethin and Gunemark, 1996: 18). As stated by Catford that prepositions have conditioned and unconditioned probabilities which contains many factors that makes prepositions in the SL can be translated into various prepositions in the TL (1974: 30). To find the translation

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variations of locative preposition at, in, and on in Hemingway’s short stories, the present research uses semantic approach by analyzing the meaning of the locative prepositions with the help of the words preceding and following the prepositions to see to whichever prepositions in TL the prepositions in SL are translated. The present research also uses back translation method to see whether or not the translated prepositions are translated back to its original prepositions in SL. The target language text is translated back into its source language by native speakers of the source language who are fluent in both languages.

The object of the study is short stories by Ernest Hemingway titled “The Capital of the World”, “Soldier’s Home”, “The Undefeated”, and “The Light of the World”. Hemingway’s short stories are famous of its simple sentence structure, so that it will provide a clear comparison of the translation of the prepositions. Hemingway is also fond of using detailed description in which contains various usages of prepositions that makes his work qualified to be the object of the present research. The four short stories are chosen based on the repetition of the same prepositions that are translated differently in Indonesian. Therefore, it might trigger a problem in the back translation process.

The following examples show the cases of the translations of the locative prepositions in Ernest Hemingway’s “The Capital of the World”.

1. ST: The middle aged waiter was seated on the terrace of the Café Alvarez drinking a small beer. (Hemingway, 2003: 36)

TT: Pelayan paruh baya duduk di teras kafe Alvares sambil minum bir. (Hemingway, 2015: 21)

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2. ST: Paco was alone, first sitting up, then huddled over, then slumped on the floor. (Hemingway, 2003: 37)

TT: Pertama-tama ia duduk tegak, kemudian berjalan terhuyung-huyung, lalu merosot ke lantai. (Hemingway, 2015: 24)

The examples above show how the locative preposition on is translated into Indonesian preposition. In the first example, it can be seen that preposition on is translated into di. In the second example, the preposition on is translated differently into Indonesian preposition ke. Thus, the preposition on has the possibility to be translated into more than one Indonesian prepositions.

The locative prepositions in the present research are analyzed based on the meaning it carries which is affected by the prepositions’ “environment”. The environment of the prepositions here is the words that follow and precede the prepositions. Thus, the analysis shows the translation variations of the locative preposition at, in, and on. The back translation method applied in the present research is also used to see how the translated prepositions are translated back into English prepositions by the English native speakers who learn Indonesian as their foreign language. In addition, the products of the back translation process are used to see whether or not the prepositions have other translation probabilities.

The present research is expected to provide a clearer distinction of the usage of English prepositions at, in, and on and probabilities of its translation variations in Indonesian. By understanding the translation problems that may arise in translating prepositions, the readers of the present research are expected to produce a better translation of the English prepositions, especially prepositions at,

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in, and on. The researcher is also optimistic that the present research will help other researchers to open up new discussions about translation studies from new perspectives.

B. Problem Formulation

The problem of the present research can be formulated as follows:

1. What are the translation variations of the locative prepositions at, in, and on in Ernest Hemingway’s four short stories in Indonesian?

2. What are the translation variations of the locative prepositions at, in, and on in Ernest Hemingway’s four short stories when assessed with the back translation method?

C. Objectives of the Study

According to the formulated problems, the objectives of this research are two layers. The first is to analyze the variations of the Indonesian translations of the locative prepositions in Ernest Hemingway’s short stories. The second is to see if there are other translation variations of the locative prepositions in Ernest Hemingway’s short stories using back translation method.

D. Definition of Terms

In order to avoid misconception and confusion about the terms used in the present study, certain terms are defined below.

Preposition. As quoted from THE STUDENTS' ABILITY IN USING PREPOSITION “A Case Study at Faculty Of Letters Of Hasanuddin University” by Binti Mus, it is stated that preposition is

a word that shows the relationship between two words in a sentence. Prepositions are always followed by nouns (or pronouns). They are

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connective words that show the relationship between the nouns following them and one of the basic sentences elements: subject, verb, object, or complement. They usually indicate relationship, such as position, place, direction, time, manner, agent, possession, and condition, between their objects and other parts of the sentence (2012: 2).

Translation. Catford in A Lingusitic Theory of Translation states that “translation is an operation performed on languages: a process of substituting a text in one language for a text in another” (1974: 1).

Back translation. As quoted from ”Translation of Measurement Instruments and their Reliability: An Example of Job-Related Affective Well-Being Scale”, the back translation method is “where first the instrument is translated into the target language and then translated back to the source language by an independent translator” (Rode, 2005: 16). Derived from the statement above, back translation method is conducted by asking the native speaker of the source language who is also fluent in both source and target language to translate the target text back into its source language.

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7 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter is divided into three parts. The first part provides reviews of some researches with similar topics done previously by other researchers to see how the previous researches are relevant and different with the present research. The second part is the reviews of related theories. It explains the theories that are relevant to be used in analyzing the problems in the present research. The last part of this chapter consists of the explanation on how the theories are able to solve the formulated problems.

A. Review of Related Studies

1. Purwaningsih’s undergraduate thesis “Translation Mapping of the English Preposition Above, Beyond, and Over in Jeanne’s DuPrau City of Ember into Indonesian and Their Equivalence in Back Translation”

Purwaningsih’s undergraduate thesis discusses the translation mapping of preposition above, beyond, below and its equivalence seen using back translation method. By using back translation method, Purwaningsih proves that the more similar the result of the back translation method, the greater the equivalence of the translation. This study is relevant to the present research for the reason that both researches focus on the translation variations of prepositions and use back translation method. Both theses also use semantic perspective in analyzing the translation variations. However, Purwaningsih’s thesis uses back translation method to assess the equivalence of the translation, yet the present research uses back translation method to see the possibility of the translation of locative preposition at, in, and on. Purwaningsih’s thesis focuses on the preposition above,

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beyond, and below, whereas the present research focuses on the preposition at, in, and on. In addition, Purwaningsih’s thesis uses Jeanne Du Prau’s novel City of Ember as the data source, while the present research uses Ernest Hemingway’s short stories titled “The Capital of the World”, “Soldier’s Home”, “The Undefeated”, and “The Light of the World” as the object data source of the research.

2. Antonius Heri Purwanta’s thesis “A Contrastive Analysis between English Preposition of Place AT, IN, ON and Indonesian Preposition of Place DI, DI ATAS, DI DALAM, PADA”

Purwanta’s thesis focuses on the contrastive analysis between locative preposition at, in, on and certain Indonesian prepositions. Both Purwanta’s thesis and the present research use semantic approach to analyze the prepositions. Both theses also have the same locative prepositions which are at, in and on as the object. The differences lay on the topic, Purwanta’s thesis contrasts the locative prepositions with certain Indonesian prepositions and the difficulties found in learning them, whereas, the present research has the aim to find out the translation variations of the locative prepositions. The present research also employs back translation method in order to see how the Indonesian translations of those locative prepositions are translated back into English, while Purwanta’s thesis does not. The data source of the research is also different. Purwanta collects the data for his thesis from some editions of “Jakarta Post” newspaper. The present research, however, uses Ernest Hemingway’s short stories titled “The Capital of

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the World”, “Soldier’s Home”, “The Undefeated”, and “The Light of the World” as the data source.

B. Review of Related Theories 1. Theories of Translation

“Translation is an operation performed on languages: a process of substituting a text in one language for a text in another” (Catford, 1974: 1). Basically, translation is the activity of transferring a message from the source language to the target language. As stated by Nida and Taber in the book The Theory and Practice of Translation, translation has the goal to reproduce the message. In reproducing the message, however, the translator needs to make grammatical and lexical adjustments (1974: 12). Therefore, the changes that occur during the translation process are inevitable.

2. Theories of Prepositions

Prepositions are classified as function words that have the main function to relate words and form grammatical structures (Withers and Brockman, 1980: v). In Indonesian, according to the classification made by Anto M. Moeliono in Tata Bahasa Indonesia: Penggolongan Kata, generally, a preposition always precedes a noun and it never comes in the end of a sentence (Ramlan, 1985: 43). Randolph Quirk, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik in A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language propose that prepositions may denote several possible meanings. First is the prepositions that denote spatial relation, second is the prepositions that denote temporal meaning, third is the prepositions that denote the cause/purpose spectrum, fourth is the prepositions that denote the

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means/agentive spectrum, fifth is prepositions that denote accompaniment meaning, and sixth is the prepositions that denote support and opposition meaning (1985: 674 – 703). The present research only focuses on locative prepositions which show spatial meaning. The spatial relation shown by the prepositions includes the locative and directive meaning carried by the prepositions. When repositions are used to indicate space, the dimensional properties of the location affect the prepositions’ meaning and the spatial relation shown by the locative preposition (1985: 673). There are four kinds of dimension regarding the spatial relationship that an object may have. First is the dimension-type 0 which shows that the subject is located in the dimensionless location or can be said that the subject’s position is in a point related to the object. Second is the dimension-type 1 which carries the meaning that the object of the preposition is perceived as a line. Third is the dimension-type 2 which takes the object of the preposition as a surface and thus the subject can be positioned on the top of the object. Fourth is the dimension-type 3 which denotes the meaning that the object is three dimensional and has a volume (1985: 673-676). The classification above is used to categorize the meaning of the locative prepositions.

In accordance with the theory of Indonesian preposition by Alwi et al. in Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia, based on its structure, prepositions can be classified into monomorphemic and polymorphemic prepositions. Monomorphemic prepositions are prepositions that only contain one morpheme. Followings are the examples of monomorphemic prepositions and its meaning.

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2. Dari: showing the source location 3. Dengan: showing the manner 4. Di: indicating position

5. Karena, sebab: showing cause

6. Ke: showing directive meaning/ destination place 7. Oleh: showing agentive meaning

8. Pada: indicating place or time relation 9. Tentang: showing the subject matter

10. Sejak: showing time, duration from a certain time to another time There are two kinds of polymorphemic prepositions. First is the affixed polymorphemic prepositions which are structured by adding an affix to the free or bound morphemes. For instance, the addition of affix –kan to morpheme bagai constructs the affixed polymorphemic bagaikan that carries the meaning of showing likelihood. The other polymorphemic prepositions are the prepositions that consist of two free morphemes. The two morphemes can be both prepositions or only one of them is preposition. The examples of polymorphemic preposition that consists of two prepositions are

1. Daripada: showing comparison 2. Kepada: showing destination of place 3. Oleh karena, oleh sebab: showing cause 4. Sampai dengan/ke: showing time limit 5. Selain dari: showing exception

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The examples of polymorphemic prepositions that consist of preposition and non preposition are di atas, di bawah, di muka, di belakang, ke dekat, ke depan, ke dalam, ke luar, ke tengah, dari balik, dari samping, dari luar, and dari tengah. The meaning of the prepositions is the combination of the meaning carried by each morpheme (1988: 230 – 234)

In Indonesian, according to the word classification by Soetarno in his book Sari Tatabahasa Indonesia II, syntactically, prepositions are classified into two categories.

1. Simple prepositions (kata depan tunggal) that consist of one word, such as di, ke, dari, untuk

2. Complex prepositions (kata depan majemuk) that consist of more than one word, such as di dalam, ke dalam, di atas (Ramlan, 1985: 22) 3. Back Translation Theories

“As a review, back translation is the practice of taking a translated document and translating it back into the original language as a means of checking the accuracy of the translation” (Paegelow, 2008; 22). Thus, basically, back translation is a tool to assess the quality of a translation by contrasting the re-translated text with its ST. Harkness and Gulsberg in Questionnaires in Translation explain the method of back translation as follows:

a. A source language text (Source Language Text 1, SLT1) is translated into the target language (Target Language Text, TLT) by the first translator

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b. The target language text (SLT1) is later translated back into the source language (Source Language Text 2, SLT2) by a second translator who is a native of the source language and not aware of the existence of the original ST

c. Comparison of the SLT1 and SLT2

d. A conclusion is drawn based on the similarities and differences between the SLT1 and SLT2

The conclusion can be inferred from more identical the SLT1 and SLT2, the better the quality and the equivalence of the translation. Yet, as the present research does not discuss about translation equivalence, the back translation method employed in this research is used to see if there is new translation probabilities when the locative prepositions are translated back into SL.

C. Theoretical Framework

In answering the questions, applicable and relevant theories are needed. The theories of preposition and translation are employed in answering the first question that deals with how the prepositions are translated into TT. The theories of preposition and translation are used to determine which word is the translation of the locative preposition and the meaning of the prepositions.

The second question dealing with the translation possibilities of the preposition at, in, on is also related to the theories of preposition and its meaning. Harkness and Gulsberg’s theory of back translation is applicable in seeing whether there are new translation probabilities of the locative preposition or not.

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14 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY A. Areas of Research

The present research employs the research area of text analysis and translation with the focus on the translation variations of the locative preposition at, in, and on in Ernest Hemingway’s short stories. Text analysis and translation research area, as stated by William and Chesterman (2002: 6), includes the analysis of the translated text which is the analysis and comparison of the product of the translation (the text in the TL) and the original text (the text in the SL). The focus of the study varies, yet it cannot have several focuses at once. The study must take one aspect in the source text as the focus of the study. For instance, it can be its linguistic features, translation problems, or translation strategies applied. Thus, in comparing the source text and the target text, the research can begin with finding the significant feature in the original text that later can be used as the focus of the study.

B. Object of the Study

The object of the present research is the locative prepositions at, in, and on in the four short stories of Ernest Hemingway. The short stories used as the data sources are “The Capital of the World”, “Soldier’s Home”, “The Undefeated”, and “The Light of the World”. The four short stories above are chosen among the other Hemingway’s short stories for the reason that among the seventeen translated short stories in Ernest Hemingway: 17 Cerita Terbaik, the four short stories above contain at least five data points for each preposition that become the focus of the present research. Hence, the chosen short stories are considered to

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have enough representation of the translation variations and are qualified to be the objects of the present research.

C. Method of the Study

The library and field research are used in the present research. The library research is conducted by reading any relevant book and journal. The present research employs the library research in the purpose of collecting sufficient ground and theories from various books to support the research. The field research is implemented through the back translation method conducted for the research. The back translation method is used in the form of a survey that requires the participants to complete the given questionnaires.

D. Research Procedure 1. Types of Data

a. Objective Data

The data taken from the Source Text are the objective data. The objective data of the present research are collected from Ernest Hemingway’s short stories titled “The Capital of the World”, “Soldier’s Home”, “The Undefeated”, and “The Light of the World”which are published in The Complete Short stories of Ernest Hemingway published by Scribner in 1985 and the Indonesian version of the short stories translated by Sutrisno, S.Pd. in Ernest Hemingway: 17 Cerita Terbaik published by IndoLiterasi in 2015.

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b. Affective Data

Affective data of the research are the data taken from the respondents or readers involved in the research. The contribution of the respondents or readers to the research can be in the form of questionnaires, interviews, or observations.

In the present research, the affective data are the result of the back translation method as a mean of a questionnaire. The present research conducts the back translation method with four respondents whose native language is English and who has a good proficiency of Indonesian, so that the respondents are expected to be able to translate the translated text into its source language well. The respondents are coded as R1, R2, R3, and R4. R1 was an American citizen whose job was a congress staff and spent 4 years living in Indonesia. R2 was an American artist who had been staying in Indonesia for 33 years. R3 was an American lecturer who had been staying in Indonesia for 3 years. R4 was an Australian diplomat who had been staying in Indonesia for 3 years and purposely learning Indonesian.

2. Data Collection

The data of the present research were collected in two steps. First, the objective data were collected through reading. Second, the affective data were collected through the back translation method using questionnaires.

In collecting the objective data, locative preposition at, in, and on in the short stories “The Capital of the World”, “Soldier’s Home”, “The Undefeated”, and “The Light of the World” were highlighted. This process includes the activity of dividing the whole data into three different categories, the data containing

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locative preposition at, in, and on. Next, the data were collected in the tables with certain coding to make it easier to refer to certain datum.

The affective data were gathered from the questionnaires of the back translation method. The present research involves four respondents coded as R1, R2, R3, and R4. To gather the affective data, the locative preposition at, in, and on in both of the Indonesian translation and the result of the back translation method were highlighted and collected in tables which are grouped based on the data’s SLT1 preposition.

3. Population and Sample

The population of this study is the locative preposition at, in, and on found in the Ernest Hemingway’s short stories titled “The Capital of the World”, “Soldier’s Home”, “The Undefeated”, and “The Light of the World”. Total population of the data is 138 data points with 28 data points of locative preposition at, 61 data points of locative preposition in, and 49 data points of locative preposition on. Out of the total population, 21 data which best represent the whole population are purposely and proportionally selected using the sampling method proposed by Widodo in Cerdik Menyusun Proposal Penelitian. Proportional sampling method used in the data population that has the equal classification (2012: 58), in this case, all of the three subgroups contain three different locative prepositions that become the focus of the present research. 4. Data Analysis

The analysis of the data includes the analysis of the Source Text and the Target Text. To answer the first formulated problem of the present research, the

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data containing the locative preposition at, in, and on and its translation are collected and grouped based on what locative preposition is contained in the data. The grouped data which are still in the full sentences are then specified into a table that only contains the locative prepositions, object preceding the locative preposition, object following the locative preposition, the meaning of the locative preposition, and the Indonesian translation of the locative preposition.

Table 1. Example of the Meaning and the Indonesian Translation of Locative Preposition at

Number of data

Object precedin

g the prepositi

Prepo sition

Object following

the preposition

Meaning

Indonesian translation

of the preposition 13/ST/At/5/30 alone at a small

table

Dimension

-type 0 di

93/ST/At/21/193 the

match at the bull

Dimension

-type 0 pada 111/ST/At/22/200 one at each side Dimension

-type 0 -

130/ST/At/25/293 that town at one end Dimension

-type 0 dari 133/ST/At/27/293 down at the station Dimension

-type 0 ke

The table has the function to show the meaning of the locative preposition related to its “environment” or the words that come before and after the locative preposition and to show the translation of the locative preposition in Indonesian.

The Indonesian translation of the locative preposition is then presented in the form of a table which becomes the result of the translation variations of the locative prepositions in Indonesian.

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Table 2. Example of Translation Variations of Locative Preposition at English

Preposition

Indonesian Translation

Number of Data

At Di 13/TT/At/5/5

Pada 93/TT/At/21/149

Not translated 111/TT/At/22/170 Dari 130/TT/At/25/251

Ke 133/TT/At/27/252

To answer the second problem, the back translation method is conducted. Twenty one samples of the data, in this case, the Indonesian translation of the locative preposition at, in, and on, are given to the respondents to be translated back into English. The results of the back translation are then re-checked with the source text whether or not the respondents translate it back to the same preposition. The results of back translation method are presented in different tables based on the locative prepositions contained in the data.

Table 3. The Example of the Data Analysis of the Back Translation Results

Number of Data SLT1 TLT1 TLT 2

R1 R2 R3 R4

13/ST/At/5/30 at di at at on at

93/ST/At/21/293 at pada on at to to

111/ST/At/22/200 at not translated

- - - -

130/ST/At/25/293 at dari from from from from

133/ST/At/27/293 at ke at at at to

The datum numbering 13/ST/At/5/30 has the explanation that ‘13’ means the first datum of the whole population, ‘ST’ means the data was taken from the Source Text, ‘At’ means the datum containing the locative preposition at, ‘5’ means the fifth datum of the data which contains the locative preposition at, ‘30’ means the page number at which the datum was taken from. TLT1 is the

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abbreviation of Target Language Text 1 which refers to the Target Text. SLT1 is the abbreviation of Source Language Text 1 which refers to the Source Text. SLT2 is the abbreviation of Source Language Text 2 which refers to the text as the result of the back translation method.

Each table shows how many data of each locative preposition are translated into each different Indonesian prepositions. From the classified data, the translation probability of each preposition can be seen clearly. The result of the back translation will show the translation variations of the locative prepositions and whether the locative prepositions are translated back to the same prepositions or not.

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21 CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter is divided into two subdivisions. The translation variations and meaning of locative preposition at, in, and on is presented in the first section. The discussion and the results of the back translation method are presented in the second section of this chapter.

The first section is the translation variations of English locative preposition at, in, and on in Indonesian. Among the 21 sample data points collected, it includes 5 data points with the locative preposition at, 9 data points with the locative preposition in, and 7 data points with the locative preposition on. This first section contains the locative prepositions at, in, and on that is analyzed semantically and its translation variations in Indonesian. The analysis is presented in the forms of tables that contain the data partially, not in the form of full sentences.

The second section is the results and discussion of the back translation method. As mentioned in the earlier chapter, the present research employs the back translation method whose results are discussed in this section. The results of the back translation method are not shown in the form of full sentences, but only the translations of the locative preposition are presented in the form of tables which are grouped based on each locative preposition.

A. Translation Variations of English Locative Preposition at, in, and on in Indonesian

To answer the first problem, the meaning of locative preposition at, in, and on is analyzed based on the context of the sentences and compared to its

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Indonesian translation. According to the data collection mentioned, the whole sample data are divided into three groups, data points containing locative preposition at, in, and on. The full-sentence data are specified into words preceding the preposition, the preposition, and words following the preposition. In analyzing the meaning of the locative prepositions, the theory proposed by Randolph Quirk, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik was used.

According to Quirk et al. in A Comprehensive Grammar of English Language, prepositions can denote several different meanings (1985: 673). Yet, since the present research only focuses on the locative preposition at, in, and on, the meaning donated by the prepositions is only related to the object’s spatial relation.

1. The Meanings and Translation Variations of English Locative Preposition at

There are 5 data points in the sample data containing locative preposition at found in the Ernest Hemingway’s short stories. Each datum is translated differently in Indonesian. The following table discusses the meaning of each preposition regarding to its context and the translation variations of the locative preposition in Indonesian.

Table 4. The Meaning and the Indonesian Translation of Locative Preposition at

Number of data

Object precedin g the prepositi

Prepo sition

Object following

the preposition

Meaning

Indonesian translation

of the preposition 13/ST/At/5/30 alone at a small

table

Dimension

-type 0 di

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match -type 0 111/ST/At/22/200 one at each side Dimension

-type 0 -

130/ST/At/25/193 that town at one end Dimension

-type 0 dari 133/ST/At/27/293 down at the station Dimension

-type 0 ke

Based on the classification by Quirk et al., locative preposition at in all data containing locative preposition at is classified into the category of preposition that has the meaning of dimension-type 0, in which the subject takes place in a point somewhere related to the object following the locative preposition. The objects following the locative preposition are treated as a dimensionless object, although in reality, the object may not be. For instance, the object a small table has a surface which can be categorized into objects which has the meaning of dimension-type 2, but the relation between the subject and the object is considered to have a dimension-type 0 meaning. It goes the same with the datum 133/ST/At/27/293 which has the station as the object following the preposition. Literally, a station is a building that has a volume. Therefore, the meaning of the preposition may fall into the category of dimension-type 3, but the station is treated as a dimensionless object regarding the subject is in a point somewhere related to the station and it is considered to have a dimension-type 0 meaning.

In Indonesian, the meaning of the preposition di only indicates the exact position of a subject regardless the dimension of the object. In some cases, preposition di is interchangeable with the preposition pada (Ramlan, 1980:65) as both prepositions have the function of indicating position. Locative preposition at

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in datum 111/ST/At/22/200 is not translated into any Indonesian preposition due to the changes done by the translator. The translator translates the prepositional phrase at each side to Indonesian adverb bersisihan. Therefore, the preposition at is omitted and considered as not translated. Locative preposition at in datum 130/ST/At/25/193 and 133/ST/At/27/293 undergoes a change in meaning. Locative preposition at which indicates the location of a subject is translated into Indonesian preposition dari and ke that contains directive meaning. These changes occur for the reason that the translator has different focus in the context of the sentences. The translator focuses on the activity done rather than the location of the activity, so that locative preposition at loses its locative meaning and translated into Indonesian directive preposition.

From the discussion about the translation of locative preposition at in Ernest Hemingway’s short stories above, the translation variations of locative preposition at can be presented in the table below.

Table 5. Translation Variations of Locative Preposition at English

Preposition

Indonesian Translation

Number of Data

At Di 13/TT/At/5/5

Pada 93/TT/At/21/149

Not translated 111/TT/At/22/170 Dari 130/TT/At/25/251

Ke 133/TT/At/27/252

As shown in the table above, locative preposition at is translated into various Indonesian prepositions and also has the probability of not being translated. Locative preposition at is translated into Indonesian preposition di, pada, dari, ke, and not translated in datum 111/TT/At/22/170.

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2. The Meanings and Translation Variations of English Locative Preposition in

Nine data points containing locative preposition in are collected. There are some data points that have the same meaning but translated differently in Indonesian. Although there are also some data points with the same meaning that are translated into the same Indonesian preposition, the meaning and translation of those data points are still presented in the table.

Table 6. The Meaning and the Indonesian Translation of Locative Preposition in

Number of data

Object precedin g the prepositi on Prepo sition Object following the preposition Meaning Indonesian translation of the preposition

26/ST/In/15/35 have in a ring Dimension

-type 2 di

41/ST/In/20/111 show in the picture Dimension

-type 2 dalam 52/ST/In/26/112 breakfast in bed Dimension

-type 2 di

65/ST/In/31/183 someone in the office Dimension

-type 3 di dalam 74/ST/In/34/185 it in his pocket Dimension

-type 3 ke dalam 81/ST/In/36/187 warming in his empty

stomach

Dimension

-type 3 di dalam 90/ST/In/44/192 held in his right

hand

Dimension

-type 2 -

98/ST/In/47/193 pic in

the swelling hump of muscle above the bull’s shoulder Dimension

-type 3 pada

138/ST/In/61/297 read in the papers Dimension

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It is stated that even though locative preposition in denotes the meaning of being inside, which logically, only belongs to the category of dimension-type 3, locative preposition in can also belong to the category of dimension-type 2 in which the object following the preposition is treated as an enclosed space (being in area with boundaries) (Quirk et al., 1985: 674). Among the total of nine data points containing locative preposition in, five data points belong to the category of dimension-type 2 with the objects following the preposition are a ring, the picture, bed, his right hand, and the paper. The objects mentioned are treated as non three-dimensional objects since the subjects are not literally located inside the objects. Four objects following the preposition, the office, his pocket, his empty stomach, the swelling hump of muscle above the bull’s shoulder, however, are treated as three dimensional objects which have a volume.

Data points that have the dimension-type 2 meaning are translated into three different Indonesian prepositions.Three of the data points are translated into Indonesian preposition di which carries the meaning of indicating position without any specified dimensional object. One data point is translated into preposition dalam which emphasizes that the object has a volume although it is contradictory with the meaning of the locative preposition, which is dimension-type 2. Locative preposition in in another data point, datum 90/ST/In/44/192, is not translated into any Indonesian preposition since the translator makes some structural changes in translating the sentence. Four data point containing the dimension-type 3 meaning are translated into three different Indonesian prepositions. One data point is translated into a simple Indonesian preposition and three data points are translated

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into complex Indonesian prepositions. Datum 98/ST/In/47/193 is translated into Indonesian preposition pada which has the function to indicate the position of a subject without specified dimension of the object. Two data points, datum 65/ST/In/31/183 and datum 81/ST/In/36/187 are translated into complex preposition di dalam which is from the preposition di that indicates the subject’s position and the preposition dalam that emphasizes the multidimensionality of the object. Locative preposition in in datum 74/ST/In/34/185 is translated into complex Indonesian preposition ke dalam which consists of simple preposition ke that carries directive meaning and preposition dalam that shows the volume of the object. The meaning shift from the locative meaning to the directive meaning carried by the preposition is affected by the different emphasis of the sentence. The ST has the emphasis on the destination point or the current position of the subject, but in contrast, the TT has the emphasis on the destination or the goal of the activity being done. The translation of all four data points, however, supports the dimension-type 3 meaning carried by the preposition.

The following table shows the translation variations according to the analysis on the translation of locative preposition in in Ernest Hemingway’s short stories above. Since some of the data are translated to the same Indonesian preposition, only one of the data is chosen to be presented in the translation mapping of locative preposition in table as follows.

Table 7. Translation Variations of Locative Preposition in English

Preposition

Indonesian Translation

Number of Data

In Di 26/TT/In/15/21

Dalam 41/TT/In/20/46 Di dalam 65/TT/In/31/122

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Ke dalam 74/TT/In/34/130 Not translated 90/TT/In/44/147 Pada 98/TT/In/47/151

The table above shows that there are six translation variations of locative preposition in in which locative preposition in is translated into five different Indonesian prepositions and not translated in one datum. Locative preposition in is translated into Indonesian preposition di, dalam, di dalam, ke dalam, pada and not translated in datum 90/ST/In/44/192.

3. The Meanings and Translation Variations of English Locative Preposition on

The total number of data containing locative preposition on collected from Ernest Hemingway’s short stories are 7. Despite the fact that some of the data are translated into the same Indonesian preposition, all data are still presented in the table.

Table 8. The Meaning and the Indonesian Translation of Locative Preposition on

Number of data

Object precedin

g the prepositi

Prepo sition

Object following

the preposition

Meaning

Indonesian translation

of the preposition 31/ST/On/6/36 seated on

the terrace of the café Alvarez

Dimension

-type 2 di

69/ST/On/20/183 his

knuckles on the desk

Dimension

-type 2 -

72/ST/On/22/184 forward on his head Dimension

-type 2 di depan 87/ST/On/26/192 spat on the sand Dimension

-type 2 di atas 96/ST/On/29/193 pivoted on his heels Dimension

-type 2 pada 134/ST/On/47/293 lemon on his hands Dimension di

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juice -type 2 137/ST/On/49/295 out on on the coast Dimension

-type 1 ke

In accordance to the meaning of preposition on, which is “located at the upper surface of” something, the meaning of locative preposition on can fall into two out of four categories (Quirk et al., 1985: 674). Locative preposition on can have the dimension-type 1 meaning that treats the object following the preposition as a line. Locative preposition on can also have the dimension-type 2 meaning that treats the object following the preposition as an object that has a surface. From seven data points containing locative preposition on, six data points have the dimension-type 2 meaning. The objects that are treated as a surface are the terrace of the café Alvarez, the desk, his head, the sand, his heels, and his hands. Literally, those objects have a surface as the subject’s supporting point. On the coast, however, is categorized into dimension-type 1 meaning. As mentioned in A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language, the coast is treated as a line if it is preceded by locative preposition on (Quirk et al., 1985: 676). Therefore, the meaning of locative preposition on in datum 137/ST/On/49/295 falls into the category of the dimension-type 1, although in reality, the coast is not a real line.

Six data points that contain the dimension-type 2 meaning have four translation variations in Indonesian. Three data points are translated into simple Indonesian prepositions, one data point is not translated into any Indonesian preposition, and two data points are translated into two different complex Indonesian prepositions. Locative preposition on in datum 31/ST/On/6/36 and datum 134/ST/On/47/293 are translated into Indonesian preposition di that

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indicates the subject’s position without any indication about the dimension of the object. One data point is translated into Indonesian preposition pada which denotes the same meaning with the preposition di. The dimension of the object is not specified by the use of preposition pada. Datum 69/ST/On/20/183 does not have any Indonesian preposition as its translation for the reason that the sentence structure gets changed and thus, the locative preposition on contained in the ST s not translated. Datum 72/ST/On/22/184 is translated into complex Indonesian preposition di depan. Preposition di depan is structured by preposition di indicating the subject’s position and depan which means the object is positioned behind the subject, but it does not indicate the multidimensionality of the object. The second data point that is translated into a complex Indonesian preposition is datum 87/ST/On/26/192. The locative preposition is translated into complex Indonesian preposition is datum 87/ST/On/26/192. The locative preposition is translated into complex Indonesian preposition di atas. Preposition di atas consists of preposition di that indicates the subject’s position and atas that has the meaning ”on top of”. Preposition di atas supports the dimension-type 2 meaning which datum 87/ST/On/26/192 carries, for atas implicates that the object has a surface. One data point, datum 137/ST/On/49/295 containing the dimension-type 1 meaning is translated into Indonesian preposition ke. By translating locative preposition on into Indonesian preposition ke, the locative meaning is substituted by directive meaning. Nonetheless, preposition ke does not contradict with the dimension-type 1 meaning carried by the locative reposition on since ke does not have the function to indicate the dimension of the object.

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Based on the explanation about the translation of locative preposition on in Ernest Hemingway’s short stories above, the table below summarizes the translation variations of locative preposition on. For the data that are translated to the same Indonesian preposition, only one of the data is listed as a representation.

Table 9. Translation Variations of Locative Preposition on English

Preposition

Indonesian Translation

Number of Data

On Di 31/TT/On/6/21

Not translated 69/TT/On/20/122 Di depan 72/TT/On/22/124 Di atas 87/TT/On/26/147 Pada 96/TT/On/29/149

Ke 137/TT/On/49/258

Table 9 recapitulates the translation of locative preposition on. There are six translation variations of the locative preposition on found in the analysis. Locative preposition on is translated into Indonesian preposition di, di depan, di atas, pada, ke, and one datum, datum 69/TT/On/20/122 is not translated.

B. Results and Discussions of the Back Translation Method

In the second section of this chapter, the results and discussions of the back translation method are presented in order to answer the second problem. The back translation method is conducted in order to see whether or not the locative prepositions are translated back into the SLT1 prepositions or whether there are other translation variations found or not. The survey was conducted in May 2016 until June 2016 and there were four respondents participated in the survey. The results of the back translation method are divided into three groups in accordance with the source text’s English locative preposition contained in the data. Only the

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prepositions as the result of the back translation method are presented in the tables.

1. Back Translation Results of Locative Preposition at

In the first subdivision of this section, the results and discussion of back translation applied to data points containing locative preposition at are presented. Five data points with each respondent’s result are collected in the table below.

Table 10. Back Translation Results of Locative Preposition at

Number of Data SLT1 TLT1 TLT 2

R1 R2 R3 R4

13/ST/At/5/30 at di at at on at

93/ST/At/21/293 at pada on at to to

111/ST/At/22/200 at not translated

- - - -

130/ST/At/25/193 at dari from from from from

133/ST/At/27/293 at ke at at at to

Locative preposition at in datum 13/ST/At/5/30 is translated into preposition di in Indonesia. The results of the back translation method are R1, R2, and R4 back translate preposition di into its preposition in SLT1, locative preposition at, and R3 is the only respondent who translate the preposition di into another expected locative preposition which is on. According to Ramlan, preposition di in Indonesian is used to show the subject’s position (1980: 65). Locative preposition at in datum 13/ST/At/5/30, he ate alone at a small table, contains the meaning that the subject (he) is doing something while making physical contact with the landmark (a small table) as “it is well known that at very often indicates that its subject has a typical, practical connection with its landmark” (2010: 177). The reason why R3 translates preposition di into locative preposition on is that R3 perceives that the contact the subject makes with the

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landmark is on the surface of it or the object uses the landmark as “a supporting surface” (2010: 51) and thus R3 translates preposition di into locative preposition on.

Datum 93/ST/At/21/293 which contains preposition at is translated into preposition pada in datum 93/TT/At/21/149. Only one respondent, R2, who translates preposition pada into locative preposition at, the same preposition it has in SLT1. R1 translates preposition pada into another expected preposition on. R3 and R4 translate preposition pada in datum 93/TT/At/21/149 into the same English preposition which is to. Locative preposition at in datum 93/ST/At/21/293, as contained in tossed the match at the bull indicates “the usage of at to indicate that the Landmark is a target (2010: 179), as it goes the same with preposition pada which also has the function to indicate the target destination (1980: 94). R1 translates preposition pada into locative preposition on since locative preposition on shows that the match as the subject makes a physical contact with or touches the bull as the landmark. Showing the subject making any physical contact with the landmark is one of the functions of locative preposition on (2010: 52). R3 and R4 translate preposition pada into locative preposition to for it “marks the Landmark as the recipient” (2010: 179), or it can be said that the bull is the object that receives the match.

Unlike the other data that has Indonesian prepositions as its translation, locative preposition at in datum 111/ST/At/22/200 is not translated into any Indonesian preposition. All of the respondents fail to back translate it into any English preposition.

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Locative preposition at in datum 130/ST/At/25/193 has the Indonesian translation dari in datum 130/TT/At/25/251. Although it is written in the questionnaire that the respondents are required to translate the preposition into one of the locative preposition at, in, and on as best they can, all of the respondents translate preposition dari into English preposition from. All respondents translate preposition dari into preposition from since preposition dari indicates the prior position of the subject (1980: 40) and preposition from ”is used to describe a path in terms of its origin” (2010: 43).

The Indonesian translation of locative preposition at in datum 133/ST/At/27/293 is the Indonesian preposition ke as seen in datum 133/TT/At/27/252. R1, R2, and R3 back translate preposition ke into the same locative preposition it has in SLT1 which is locative preposition at. R4, however, translate preposition ke in datum 133/ST/At/27/293 differently into English preposition to. R4 translates preposition ke which also has the function to show the target direction or place (1980: 74) into preposition to due to the fact that preposition to also indicates a landmark as “the recipient”. The usage of locative preposition at and to is quite interchangeable since both prepositions have the “target-marking” function with the slight difference of preposition to indicates the landmark as a recipient (2010: 179).

Overall, the back translation results of locative preposition at can be summarized as follows. Among five data points containing preposition at, there is no data with all four respondents back translate the preposition in TLT1 into its original preposition (preposition in SLT1). There are two data points with three

(1)

Appendix 8: The Result of Back Translation Method from Respondent 3 (R3)

Dear respondent,

Thank you for agreeing to participate in this survey. The collected data will be used for my undergraduate thesis on the English locative prepositions at, in, and on at Sanata Dharma University. Before getting down into the survey, please fill out the following information provided. The method used in analyzing the data for my undergraduate thesis is a coding method. Thus, by using the coding method, the respondents’ name will not be directly mentioned in the thesis.

First name: Erik Country of origin: USA Occupation: lecturer/editor

Length of stay in Indonesia: 3 years

Please kindly translate the Indonesian sentences provided below into English by using the one of locative English prepositions at, in, and on for the words in italic and bold_{. Note that some of the expressions in} Indonesian may not contain a preposition (e.g. number 3, 12, 19), but can be translated into English using one of the locative prepositions: at, in, and on.

Feel free to directly type and submit the translation via e-mail to widyaashardi@gmail.com if you prefer.

1. Ia makan sendirian di sebuah meja kecil dan makan sangat sedikit makanan. I eat alone on a small table and I only eat a little bit of it.

2. “Apakah kamu pernah ke pantai dengannya?” Have you ever been to the beach with him?

3. Hernandez memerintahkan mereka untuk berdiri bersisihan. Hemandez asked them to stand side by side

4. Ibunya akan menyediakan makan pagi di tempat tidur jika ia menginginkannya. Her mother can provide food on the bed if she wants it

5. “Aku akan menusuk banteng itu, nak, “ Zurito meludah di atas pasir. “I will stab that buffalo, son.” Zurito spit on the sand.

6. Kamu hanya membaca hal-hal lainnya di surat kabar. You only read other things on the newspaper.

7. Kami turun kestasiun. Ada lima pelacur sedang menunggu kereta datang. We will get off at the train station. Five prostitutes are waiting for a train to come.

(2)

8. Kami akan memasuki kota dari satu ujung kota dan ke luar kota dari ujung lainnya.

We are going to enter the city from one side of the entrance of the city and go out from the other exit of the city

9. “Siapa itu?” kata seseorang di dalam kantor. “ who is that?” said someone in the office.

10. Pelayan paruh baya duduk di teras kafe Alvares sambil minum bir.

A waitress is sitting in the terrace of Alvares café while he was drinking a cup of beer.

11. Ia mengaduk kopinya dan meminumnya, manis, panas, dan hangat di dalam perutnya yang kosong.

He is stiring his coffee and drinking it, sweet, hot, and warm in his empty stomach. 12. Sementara tangan kanannya memegang tombak panjang.

While his hand was handling a long tombak.

13. Banteng itu berbalik, lalu berlari kencang menuju jubah saat Manuel bergerak ke samping, berputar pada tumitnya saat banteng menerjang, dan ia mengayunkan jubahnya tepat di depan tanduk.

That buffalo was turning around, then was running fast getting the robe when Manuel was moving to the side, turning round on his toe as the buffalo attaching and he was moving his robe right on its horn. 14. Zurito menurunkan ujung tombaknya mengarah pada gumpalan otot di atas bahu banteng.

Zurito put the tip of the tombak toward the muscle of the soulder of the buffalo. 15. “Ia menaruh jus lemon di tangannya,” kata pria itu.

“She put the lemon just on her hand” said that man. 16. Sungai Rhine tidak terlihat dalam foto itu.

Rhine River does not appear in that picture.

17. Kritikus dari “El Heraldo” menyalakan rokok dan melemparkan koreknya pada banteng, kemudian ia menulis dalam buku catatannya.

The critics from “El Heraldo” put the cigarrete on and threw the lighter to the buffalo, then he wrote it on his notes.

18. Ketakutan yang sama akan kamu rasakan di arena pertarungan melawan banteng. You would experience the same fear in the battle against the buffalo.

(3)

Manuel hit the table with his fingertip.

20. Ia nampak pucat, dan kuncirnya disematkan di depan kepalanya sehingga menutupi bagian kepala yang tertutup topinya tadi.

She looked pale and her pony tale was put covering his head so that it covered part of her head with the hat.

21. Manuel mengambilnya dan memasukannya ke dalam sakunya. Manuel took it and put it in his pocket.

Thank you very much for your time and effort!

Cheers,

(4)

Appendix 9: The Result of Back Translation Method from Respondent 4 (R4)

Dear respondent,

First name: Erik

Country of origin: Australia Occupation: PNS

Length of stay in Indonesia: 3 years

Feel free to directly type and submit the translation via e-mail to widyaashardi@gmail.com if you prefer.

1. Ia makan sendirian di sebuah meja kecil dan makan sangat sedikit makanan. He ate alone at a small table and ate very little food.

2. “Apakah kamu pernah ke pantai dengannya?” Have you ever gone to the beach together?

3. Hernandez memerintahkan mereka untuk berdiri bersisihan. Hernandez instructs them to stand side by side.

4. Ibunya akan menyediakan makan pagi di tempat tidur jika ia menginginkannya. Ibu will provide breakfast in bed if you wish.

5. “Aku akan menusuk banteng itu, nak, “ Zurito meludah di atas pasir. I will impale that bull, nak, Zurito spat on the sand.

6. Kamu hanya membaca hal-hal lainnya di surat kabar. You only read different things in the newspaper.

7. Kami turun kestasiun. Ada lima pelacur sedang menunggu kereta datang. We went down to the station. The 5 sluts waiting for the train to come.

(5)

We will enter the city from one end and exit from another. 9. “Siapa itu?” kata seseorang di dalam kantor.

Who is that, said someone in the office.

10. Pelayan paruh baya duduk di teras kafe Alvares sambil minum bir. Middle aged servet sat on the terrace of café Alvares while drinking beer.

11. Ia mengaduk kopinya dan meminumnya, manis, panas, dan hangat di dalam perutnya yang kosong. He stirs coffee and drinks it, sweet, hot, and warm in his empty stomach.

12. Sementara tangan kanannya memegang tombak panjang. Meanwhile, the right hand holds the long stick.

13. Banteng itu berbalik, lalu berlari kencang menuju jubah saat Manuel bergerak ke samping, berputar pada tumitnya saat banteng menerjang, dan ia mengayunkan jubahnya tepat di depan tanduk.

Bull was turned, and ran towards the robes when Manuel moved sideways, spinning on his heels, swung his clonk in front of the horn.

14. Zurito menurunkan ujung tombaknya mengarah pada gumpalan otot di atas bahu banteng. Zurito threw down the spear ro the muscle on the shoulder of the bull.

15. “Ia menaruh jus lemon di tangannya,” kata pria itu. He put lemon juice on his hand.

16. Sungai Rhine tidak terlihat dalam foto itu. The Rhine river is not seen in the photo.

17. Kritikus dari “El Heraldo” menyalakan rokok dan melemparkan koreknya pada banteng, kemudian ia menulis dalam buku catatannya.

Critic from El Heraldo lighted a smoke and threw match to bull, later, he wrote a note in his book. 18. Ketakutan yang sama akan kamu rasakan di arena pertarungan melawan banteng.

You will feel fear in the arena when you fight the bull. 19. Manuel mengetuk-ngetuk meja dengan buku-buku jarinya.

(6)

20. Ia nampak pucat, dan kuncirnya disematkan di depan kepalanya sehingga menutupi bagian kepala yang tertutup topinya tadi.

He looked pale, and his pigtail pinned in front of his face so that it covered part of his face which covered by the hat.

21. Manuel mengambilnya dan memasukannya ke dalam sakunya. Manuel picks up and put it into the pocket.

Thank you very much for your time and effort!

Cheers,

Translation variationsof locative preposition at, in, on with reference to Ernest Hemingway`s short stories.

Translation Variations of Locative

Preposition at, in,

on

with Reference to Ernest Hemingway’s

Short Stories.

Translation Variations of Locative

Preposition at, in,

on

with Reference to Ernest Hemingway’s

Short Stories.

TRANSLATION VARIATIONS OF LOCATIVE PREPOSITION

AT, IN, ON WITH REFERENCE TO ERNEST HEMINGWAY’S

SHORT STORIES

TRANSLATION VARIATIONS OF LOCATIVE PREPOSITION

AT, IN, ON WITH REFERENCE TO ERNEST HEMINGWAY’S

SHORT STORIES

TRANSLATION VARIATIONS OF LOCATIVE PREPOSITION

WITH REFERENCE TO ERNEST HEMINGWAY'S

SHORT STORIES

TRANSLATION VARIATIONS OF LOCATIVE PREPOSITION

WITH REFERENCE TO ERNEST HEMINGWAY'S

SHORT STORIES

Lti

TRANSLATION VARIATIONS OF LOCATIVE PREPOSITION

WITH REFERENCE TO ERNEST HEMINGWAY'S

SHORT STORIES

Translation Variations of Locative

Preposition at, in,

on

with Reference to Ernest Hemingway’s

Short Stories.

Translation Variations of Locative

Preposition at, in,

on

with Reference to Ernest Hemingway’s

Short Stories.

Appendix 8: The Result of Back Translation Method from Respondent 3 (R3)

Appendix 9: The Result of Back Translation Method from Respondent 4 (R4)

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