Functions of Code Switching in Hitam Putih Talk Show 12 June 2013

first sentence is without the Raid he cannot be in Hollywood. In the second sentence, the main idea is about the need to work hard. In the data above, there is a switch which occurs in tag form. In this particular object, the switch is functioned as interjection since it serves to mark a tag or sentence filler. It can be said that the switch is used for short pause. The sentences filler used by Joe to signal to Dedy that Joe has paused to think but has not finished speaking yet. In addition, the switch “I mean like” in this context is also used for an emphasis. Since the main point of the utterance occurs in the first sentence, so the switch here occurs in the second sentence to support the idea in the first sentence. B-DN45-UN52 Utterance “Jadi sebenarnya basically dia bikin kerangka suatu pertarungan. Jadi dia bikin kerangkanya dari sini ke sini dan beberapa angle dan kita latihan dulu untuk dapetin flow-nya.” Based on the data above, the main ideas of each sentence are needed to find the function of the interjection switch. The idea in the first sentence is about the making of frame of the story. The main idea in the second sentence is about the making of frame and some angles then practice to feel the flow. In B-DN45-UN52, the switch “basically” is regarded to be functioned as interjection because it serves to mark a sentence filler. In this case the switch occurs in the first sentence which is the actual main point of the utterance above. This can be said that the switch “basically” here is functioned to fill the time when Joe thinks about the main point that he wants to say. After the analysis toward interjection part, the writer finds the type of code switching that is functioned as interjection. Since the switch that occurs in both tables above is tag switching, this can be understood that the type of code switching that is always applied as interjection is tag switching. 3. Reiteration means the switch serves to clarify what is said or to emphasize the message. In the findings, the writer found that there are 7 seven data that have the function as reiteration in Hitam Putih talk show; B-DN100-UN184 Utterance “Tapi gimana pada saat lu ada disana? apa bedanya dengan mungkin pernah Premiere di Indonesia?. Jadi what’s the difference disana dengan disini?” According to data above, the main idea is relevant to find the function of reiteration. In B-DN100-UN184, the main message of the first sentence is about question of what Joe feel when he was in US. The main idea in the second sentence and the third sentence is about the difference between Indonesia and US. In this particular object, the clause “whats the difference” is categorized to have the function as reiteration: “tapi gimana pada saat lu ada disana how do you feel when you were there, apa bedanya dengan mungkin pernah di Premiere di Indonesia what is the difference with Premiere in Indonesia. “Jadi so whats the difference disana dengan disini between there and here?”. The underlined sentence in this case has the same meaning with the switch form. In this case, Dedy reiterates his question by switching to English in order to clarify what he wants to ask. The switch here is functioned to clarify in order to make the main point especially in the last sentence of Dedy’s question is conveyed successfully. B-DN192-UN343 Utterance “kalo filmnya udah keluar, kita bahas lagi disini. Thank you very much Daniel thank you Joe, terima kasih banyak, I always support you both dan ingat ini kalo kita lihat dari Daniel dan Joe, sebenarnya apa ya, mungkin kesempatan nih. Jadi buat saya kesempatan itu opportunity bertemu dengan kemampuan kita sendiri kan”. Based on the table above, the main idea of each sentence is significant to find the function of the switch in this part. According to B-DN192-UN343, the main idea in the first sentence is about the next discussion of Daniel’s movie. The main idea in the second sentence is about Dedy’s gratitution to Joe and Daniel. The main message in the third sentence is about opportunity. In the last sentence, the main point is about opportunity and skill. In this part, the phrase “opportunity” is categorized to have function as reiteration. The switch occurs in the last sentence; “Jadi buat saya kesempatan itu opportunity bertemu dengan kemampuan kita sendiri kan”. The underlined phrases here have the similar meaning. Based in context, Dedy reiterates the phrase to emphasize the main point of the last sentence. It is emphasizing to make the main point successfully conveyed. At this point, the writer also finds the type of code switching that is functioned as reiteration. Based on the data above, the switches occur mostly in Intrasentential forms. So, this can be said that the type of code switching that is functioned as reiteration is Intrasentential switch. 4. Message qualification means the switch serves to convey the main message or to qualify the message in someone’s uterrance. According to the findings, there are 64 data that have the function as message qualification in Hitam Putih talk show; B-DN4-UN10 Utterance “Setiap aktor yang ngomong berhak dapat royalti. Thats one of the rules of union”. In order to find the function of the switch easily, the analysis of the main idea of every sentence in the utterance is significant. The main idea in the first sentence is about the royalty for actor who speaks. The idea in the second sentence is about the regulation of the union. In B-DN4-UN10, the main message is in Indonesian and the switch “that’s one of the rules of union” is functioned as message qualification. In this case, the switch here is used to qualify the message. At this point, the English clause serves to give additional information or to support Joe’s statement in the first sentence. B-DN9-UN20 Utterance “Kalo emang karakter itu nggak penting untuk ngomong, dan mereka ngerasa kayak nggak ada kebutuhan untuk di cerita, they dont give them lines. Biasanya seperti itu.” The function of the switch occurs in this data is closely related to the main idea of every sentence. In B-DN9-UN20, since the first sentence is a complex sentence, the writer analyzed the clauses in it. The first clause’s idea is about the unnecessary character to speak, the second clause’s idea is about the unnecessary character in the narration, and the third clause’s idea is about the rejection give lines. The main idea of the second sentence is about the usual thing that the thing which is done by Hollywood team workers when they do not need character. According to B-DN9-UN20, the main message is in English and at this part the switch “they don’t give them lines” is considered to be message qualification which means that the switch is functioned to convey the main message of the first sentence. At this point, the previous clauses occur as subordinate and the switch occurs as main clause. This can be said that the main message is people in Hollywood team will not give the lines for those who are not really important in the narration. After analyzing the function of message qualification, in B-DN4-UN10 the switch appears in Intersentential form and in B-DN9-UN20, the switch happens in Intrasentential form. Therefore, the type of code switching that is functioned as message qualification can be Intersentential switch or Intrasentential switch. 5. Personalization vs Objectivization means the function of switch either reflects knowledge or opinion. In the findings, there are 86 data that belong to personalization vs objectivization. Below are the evidences of personalization vs objectivization in Hitam Putih talk show: B-DN11-UN26 Utterance “Biasanya kalo hollywood milih aktor yang the best. Mereka pilih aktor yang dari Hongkong, Jepang, Cina ibaratnya dan sangat jarang untuk melirik apalagi Indonesia gitu dan sekarang mereka tiba tertarik. I think its a good thing bahwa industri kita atau aktor-aktor kita udah mulai dilirik oleh Hollywood. Which is good.” The main message of every sentence in the utterance above is quite significant to find the function of switching appeared. According to B-DN11- UN26, the main message in the first sentence is about the selection of the best actor by Hollywood team. In the second sentence, the main message is that Hollywood team very often chooses actor from Hongkong or Japan and they seldom choose actor from Indonesia. The idea in the fourth sentence is about Hollywood team begins to select actor from Indonesia. In B-DN11-UN26, the switch “the best” is functioned as personalization versus objectivization. At this point, the phrase appears to reflect about Joe’s opinion about Hollywood team selection. Based on context, Joe is trying to express his own opinion toward Hollywood team. In the beginning, he stated that Hollywood team always chooses the best actor who are from Hongkong, Japan, and China and in the last sentence he stated that they begins to select actors from Indonesia which is one of the Indonesian actor is Joe. Therefore, this can be understood that the switch “the best” shows Joe’s opinion that he is one of the best actor who is successfully playing in Box Office B-DN2-UN5 Utterance “Ini film selama 3 minggu menghasilkan 586 juta dolar itu worldwide, sedangkan budget filmnya hanya 160 juta.” In order to find the function of the switch appeared, it is important to find the main message of each clause or sentence. According to B-DN2-UN5, the main message of the first clause is the income of the movie attains to 586 million and the idea of the second sentence is about the budget of movie which is only 160 million. The function of the switch now can be seen. In B-DN2-UN5, the phrase “budget” is categorized into personalization vs objectivization because it is functioned to reflect Dedys knowledge to Joes film. Based on the idea of each clause, Dedy started to argue about the income then he state about the budget. In the beginning, the switch occurs to show Dedy’s knowledge about Joes film and that is seen from Dedys statement in UN1; “ternyata film fast furious 6 itu menjadi film Box Office pertama di Amerika selama 2 minggu berturut-turut film tersebut In fact Fast Furious 6 film is the first Box Office in America for 2 weeks”. The sentence underlined means that Joe’s movie fast furious 6 is presented during two weeks. In addition, the sentence underlined is the evidence that reflects Dedy’s knowledge. Furthermore, the type of code switching can be seen from this part. In the first and the second displayed, the switches occur mostly in Intrasentential form. Therefore, the type of code switching that functioned as personalization versus objectivization is mostly Intrasentential switch. 6. Lexical Gap Filling means the function of the switch here is to fill the relevant word of another language into Indonesian. There are 5 data that belong to lexical gap filling. The evidences can be seen as follows; B-DN108-UN192 Utterance “Wall Premiere di London itu pada saat gue lagi di LA lagi ada meeting-meeting yang di arrange sama agency situ. Jadi mereka minta waktu berangkat tapi kan visa london kan nggak segampang itu, jadi harus balik. Kayaknya udah gak mungkin” According to B-DN108-UN192, the main idea of the first sentence is Joe’s absent in Wall Premiere in London. The main idea of the second sentence is about the request from committee of Premiere in London. The main idea of the last sentence is Joe’s decision not to go to London. In this data, the switch “agency” is categorized into lexical gap filling. The switch fills the position of the right word in Joe’s uterance. It can also be said that Joe decided to choose word “agency” because of lack of Indonesian equivalence. Based on context, the topic that they discuss is related to movie and basically when the word agency is translated into Indonesian, the word will not be matched with the context. B-DN116-UN217 Utterance “It is funny soalnya dulu kan sering main iklan, pengennya dapat karakter yang keren, yang cool, yang pake jas, pake pistol. Tapi kalo setiap casting gak pernah dapat. Tiap dikasih karakternya lu tu gak keren, lu tu lucu gitu, jadi kasih yang lucu. Ini kontrak sampai 2 tahun sih dengan brand itu. ” The main idea of every sentence here is also needed to find the function of the switch occurred. Based on B-DN116-UN217, the main message of the first sentence is Joe’s desire to play in a good commercial. The main idea of the second sentence is in his past Joe never got the character he wanted. In the third sentence, the idea is Joe was given to play as funny character. In the last sentence, the main idea is about the cooperation with the brand of Joe’s commercial. Based on the main point of every sentence, the switch “casting” belongs to have function as lexical gap filling. The phrase “casting” fills the position of the right in Indonesian utterance. When discussing about the movie or film, Joe’s automatically uses the English word without translating it into Indonesian. In addition, the word “casting” is very often used by people who work in entertainment area and they rarely use Indonesian term since people are lack to find the exact word of Indonesian. After analyzing the function of switch, the type of code switching is also involved. The switches mostly occur in Intrasentential form. Therefore, this can be said that the type of code switching which is functioned as lexical gap filling is Intrasentential switch. 50

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION

This chapter presents the results of answering the problems that have mentioned in the beginning. The first problem is about the types of code switching occured in Hitam Putih talk show 12 June 2013; the second problem is about the functions of code switching appeared in Hitam Putih talk show 12 June 2013. According to the findings of the types of code switching, the total of the data is about 197. The participants mostly employ the type of Intrasentential. The amount of Intrasentential switch is 114 data, Intersentential switch is 34 data, and Tag switching is 23 data. In findings of the function of code switching, the writer found that code switching occurred in Hitam Putih talk show is mostly functioned as personalization vs objectivization with the amount of 86 data then followed by message qualification which is about 64 data. The amount of interjection is about 24 data. The amount of reiteration is 7 data. The amount of lexical gap filling is about 5 data and then quotation is about 4 data. In the first problem, the writer found that all participants in Hitam Putih talk show 12 June 2013 employed three types of code switching. The first type is tag switching in which the occurrence of this type of code switching will not change the main point of the sentence because it does not violate the syntactic rule of a sentence. The second type of code switching is Intersentential switch which the language switch occurs within sentences and it occurs after pause employment. The last type of code switching is Intrasentential switch in which the switch occurs within a sentence or a clause. Based on the data, the writer found that the data of Intrasentential switch and Intersentential switch also occur in various Indonesian sentences. In the second problem formulation, the writer found that code switching occurrence in Hitam Putih talk show had different functions. After analyzing the function of code switching, the writer found that code switching employed by the three participants have some functions. Firstly, quotation which is code switching appears to mark a reported speech. In quotation, the participant reported someone’s talking in English. Secondly, code switching is functioned as reiteration. Here the speaker reiterates by switching to different language in order to classify what is said or to emphasize what he wanted to say. Thirdly, code switching is functioned as message qualification. The participants switched his language to qualify or to convey the message in his utterance. The last function is personalization vs objectivization. The function of switching here is to reflect speaker’s knowledge or opinion. Aside from this, the writer also found the function of code switching which lexical gap filling. As lexical gap filling, the switch here reflects the lack of Indonesian equivalence for particular words in English. Since the functions of code switching influence the type of code switching, this can be concluded that in Hitam Putih talk show 12 June 2013 code switching appear are functioned to show knowledge and opinion and the type of code switching which clearly occurs in Hitam Putih talk show is Intrasentential switch. 52 BIBLIOGRAPHY Akmajian, Adrian, Richard A. Demers, Ann K. Farmer, and Robert M. Harnish. LINGUISTICS: An Introduction to Language and Communication. Cambridge and London : The MIT Press, 2001. Asher, R. E. The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics Volume 2. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1994. Asher, R.E.The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics Vol. 4’. New York: Perg’amon, 1994. Chaer, A. Tata Bahas Praktis Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 2011. Cantone, F. Katja. Code Switching in Bilingual Children. Dordrecht: Springer, 2007. Duran, L. Toward a better understanding of Code Switching and Interlanguage in Bilinguality: Implications for Bilingual Instruction. 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Purposive Sampling. http: dissertation.laerd.compurposive- sampling.php.Accessed on March 12, 2014. Poplack, S. Linguistics. Victoria: University of Victoria Press, 1980. Romaine, Suzanne. Bilingualism. London: Blackwell, 1989 Palmer, S. Language of work: The critical link between economic change and language shift. Arizona: Northern Arizona, 1997. Stockwell, Peter. Sociolinguistics. London and New York: Routledge Taylor Francis Group, 2002. Trudgill, P. Sociolinguistic Patterns in British English. London: Edward Arnold, 1978. Wardhaugh, Ronald. An introduction to Sociolinguistics 2nd ed. New York: Bassil Blackwell Ltd, 1992. Wei, L. The Bilingualism Reader. New York: Routledge, 2000. 54 APPENDICES SCRIPT OF CONVERSATION IN HITAM PUTIH 12 JUNI 2013 1. Dedy : Konon kabarnya bahwa ketika seseorang sudah menjadi artis atau aktor di Indonesia target selanjutnya adalah bisa ke luar negeri supaya terkenal dimana mana dan diakui dimana- mana. Kita lihat dulu ini ada cuplikan sebuah film yang nanti pemainnya kita undang ke sini, ini dia Fast Furious dan ternyata film fast furious 6 itu ternyata menjadi film Box Office pertama di Amerika selama 2 minggu berturut-turut film tersebut dan kalau anda perhatikan baik-baik ketika menonton film tersebut itu inti dari filmnya cuman satu anda lihat ada Vin Diesel, ada Ben Johnson, anda lihat yang ada pemain kulit hitamnya. Inti dari film itu satu, botak tuh keren. Tapi kita akan memanggil ini salah satu pemain dari Indonesia seperti yang kita tahu inilah Joe Taslim. Joe Taslim masuk. Oke Joe, lu udah berapa kali kamu ke sini ? 2. Joe : udah 3 kali 3. Dedy : 3 kali ya? Ini yang ketiga tapi sekarang udah jadi bintang hollywood. Jadi agak susah manggil Joe Taslim ke Hitam Putih. Dulu waktu belum terkenal waktu diundang kesini cuman ngasih nasi box doang padahal. 4. Joe : hahaha. 5. Dedy : tepuk tangan sekali lagi buat Joe Taslim. Ini film selama 3 minggu menghasilan 586 juta dolar itu worldwide, sedangkan budget filmnya hanya 160 juta. Berarti keuntungannya bayangkan, keuntungannya segitu besar. Nah dari keuntungan segitu besar, lu dapat apa sebenarnya ? 6. Joe : Ehm.. bangga aja sih, tapi ada rolyati of course. 7. Dedy : Ada royalti? 8. Joe : Iya ada 9. Dedy : Jadi film di sana ada royaltinya ? 10. Joe : Setiap aktor yang ngomong itu berhak dapat royalti. That’s one of the rules of union. 11. Dedy : Setiap aktor yang ? 12. Joe : yang ada lines yang ngomong. 13. Dedy : Kalo nggak ngomong? 14. Joe : No, no rolyati. 15. Dedy : Kalo berantem doang? 16. Joe : No royalti 17. Dedy : Wah berarti Limbad nggak bisa dapat royalti. Walaupun ngomomg cuman sedikitpun tetap ada royaltinya? 18. Joe : Iya makanya mereka sangat selektif untuk aktor. Untuk lines, pembagian lines itu sangat selektif atau sangat-sangat dipikirin. 19. Dedy : Tapi ada aktor yang nggak ngomong ya? 20. Joe : Ada. Kalo emang karakter itu nggak penting untuk ngomong dan mereka ngerasa kayak nggak ada kebutuhan untuk di cerita, they don’t give them lines. Biasanya seperti itu. 21. Dedy : Oke dan royalti itu biasanya dibayarkan seperti apa ? 22. Joe : Royalti itu sebenarnya sejalan. Jalannya tu setelah semua film turun dari seluruh dunia. Jadi mereka jual ke TV, DVD, Blue Ray. Itu baru royaltinya tu jalan karena kontrak film itu ya mencakup film yang tayang di bioskop itu udah termasuk kontrak awal. 23. Dedy : O.. jadi itu tidak ada royaltinya? 24. Joe : Iya. Jadi setelah turun mereka masih dapat income dari DVD dan hak siar di seluruh dunia. Itu baru royaltinya jalan.