refers to the characteristics. In detail, character has different traits from the beginning of the story until the end of it. For example, Lawrence used to be a shy girl. At the
end of the story, she becomes a talkative pretty girl. From the elucidation of how to observe the character from Murphy 1972:
161-173 above, the process of how to create a character is shown in several ways. The way to do so is called characterization Rohrberger and Woods, 1981: 20. It also
refers to the techniques used by the author to give an idea about the character—for example, what he likes and dislikes Murphy, 1972: 52. Here, characterization is the
mean used by the author to let readers know the character in the literature work. Furthermore, it is also used to describe the character so that he will be understood by
readers.
2.3 Human’s Maturity and Family
2.3 .1 Human’s Maturity: Emotion and Motivation
In order to identify the characters in the play, I need some references. By referring to the references below, I can figure out Tom’s reasons of behaving.
Lawlor 1963: 18 states that people require personal experiences to become organized in doing various things. Then, she affirms that “control and balance are
what characterize emotional maturity, not total detachment” Lawlor, 1963: 38. Additionally, she clarifies what is suggested by the word maturation. “Maturation
refers to something which appears late in the life of organism but as a direct result of the growth process that control the ordinary development of a person or animal—like
growing teeth or reaching sexual maturity” Lawlor,1963: 38. Later, the understanding will assist to identify Tom’s final character development.
As illustrated below, Claninger 2004: 11 presents a sample of hypothesis that eventually will be useful to analyze Tom’s reasons of behaving. The hypothesis
will also serve as the way to analyze the reason of Tom’s behaving in certain manners.
Hypothesis Derived from a Theoretical Proposition
Claninger 2004: 11 In order to be able to identify what stimulates Tom when he does actions, I
provide myself with some understandings about human’s emotion as well human’s motivation that can help me to recognize Tom’s reasons in behaving.
Theoretical Constructs + Frustration
+ Aggression
Theoretical Proposition + Frustration leads to aggression
Operational Definition: Frustration
+ Losing 75 cents in a soda machine
+ Failing an exam + Loosing one’s job
Aggression = Kicking the soda machine
= Rating the instructor as poor = Beating one’s spouse
Hypothesis 1.
Subject who loses 75 cents in a soda machine which is rigged by experimenter will kick the soda machine more often than the control group
which loses no money.
2. Students who are told they have failed an exam will rate their instructor
lower than students who are told they have passed the exam. 3.
When unemployed rises, the number of reported spouse beating will increase.
Related to human’s emotion, Lawlor 1963: 30 states that “emotion mobilizes and organizes us rather than needs, drives or instinct”. Moreover, there are
two matters that motivate human behavior. First, referring to what has been concluded by Hergenhahn Olson 2007: 7 from many experts, he confirms that
hedonism or the tendency to seek pleasure and avoid pain is one of matters that motivate human behavior. Second, Hergenhahn Olson 2007: 7 has concluded
from many experts that self-actualization or the impulse to realize one’s full potential is the matter that motivates human behavior.
Wiwoho 2004: 61 gives new point of view to value human’s motivation. He argues that human possesses two sources of motivation namely internal and external.
Moreover, he explains the decision to do something is made inside or outside someone. Wiwoho 2004: 61-62 gives some characteristics of people with internal
and external motivation. People with internal motivation tend to have source of motivation and standard of evaluation inside themselves. These kinds of people are
having a hard time to accept opinions and orders from others. They are also question opinions from criticizer which is relatively negative because they think that they have
done the work well. Basically, people with internal motivation want to gather information from outside, but they have their own internal standard to decide what to
do. In contrast, people with external motivation need opinions, instructions, and responses from other parties to be constantly motivated. For instance, these kinds of
people need responses while they are working—they do not know whether they are correct or wrong if there are no response from other. Principally, people with external
motivation do not have self standard. Since they do not have it, they will get confused if there is no assistance from others. The standard is obtained from outside world.
In addition, Wiwoho 2004: 71 confirms that people who have standard motivation are not egoist ones who do not want to listen to others. They still gather
information, but by using their own standard they make decisions.
2.3 . 2 Parents’ Roles in Educating Children
