4.2.3 Type 3: Prep. Prep. Phrase → Noun; Circumstance → Thing
There are 2 appearances of ideational grammatical metaphor type 4 in this commencement address. The shift that includes in this
type is grammatical shift from Prep. Prep. Phrase into Noun or from the semantic shift point of view is the shift from Circumstance
into Thing. In addition, because the appearance of this type is in small number, thus the discussion below would show the whole
findings.
Excerpt 13:
―It was pretty scary at the time‖ clause 59 The description of the shift from the possible congruent into the
metaphorical form can be seen below. Metaphorical
: It was pretty scary at the time
Congruent : It was pretty scary at time of my drop out.
In this example, the congruent ―It was pretty scary at time of my drop out
‖ which is containing the circumstance ―time of my drop out
‖ substituted with “at that time” which is a thing and a
noun in
“It was pretty scary at the time‖. Here, the using of ―that
time‖ is because Jobs already explained about his dropout in the previous sentence, so the information contained in this words refer to
the previous information given by Jobs. The employment of this
method would reduce the using of unnecessary words in the commencement address; because ―that time‖ would explain more
than enough to the audience about ―when‖ the time is actually
happened. The audience would get a better understanding and the speaker could send the message well. Obviously, this kind of method
makes the clause more compact in the content for the elimination of unnecessary words.
Excerpt 14:
―On the back cover of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road
‖ clause 325 The description of the shift from the possible congruent into the
metaphorical form is below. Metaphorical
: On the back cover of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road
Congruent : On the cover in the back of their final issue was
a photograph of an early morning country road
In this clause, the metaphorical ―On the back cover of their final issue…‖ substitutes the congruent ―On the cover in the back of
their final issue…‖. The prepositional phrase ―cover in the back‖ is replaced with
―back cover‖ which is a thing and a noun. Here, the
circumstance of place ―in the back‖ in above congruent form is used
as the classifier in nominal group of the metaphorical form ―back cover‖. The nominal group ―back cover‖ makes the information
delivered to the audience better than declare it as the way it is like in the congruent form. Here, the words ―back cover‖ could represent
the information that tries to be shared by the speaker with the phrase: ―cover in the back‖. Moreover, just like previous example, the
employment of this method would eliminate the use of unnecessary words in the clause; because ―back cover‖ could explain to the
audience about where the cover has actually been. In short, audience would get a better understanding and the ambiguity of the words
would be decreased.
4.2.4 Type 4: Conjunction → Noun; Relator → Thing
Kategori