Which ones or whose?
those bones
Deictic How many?
those three bones Numerative
What like?
those three smelly lamb bones
Epithet What kind?
those three smelly lamb bones
Classifier More details after
head? Those three smelly lamb
bones
from the butcher shop
Qualifier Source: Droga, 2002: 42
The pro be ―what?‖ will lead to what thing is talked about, which in
this example is ―bones‖; while ―which one?‖ will point to the deictic which is represent by ―those‖ ones. In the case of ―numerative‖, we can employ the
probe ―how many?‖ like in the above table which pointing to ―three‖ bones. ―What like?‖ probe can find the epithet function: ―smelly‖, while ―what
kind?‖ will lead to the classifier: ―lamb‖. Finally, the probe ―more details after head?‖ will determine the qualifier ―from the butcher shop‖.
2.4 Grammatical Metaphor
As cited by Taverniers 2003: 2 Halliday places his introduction of the term grammatical metaphor in a more general framework outlining
traditionally recognized types of ‗rhetorical transference‘ or ‗figures of speech‘: metaphor, metonymy, and synecdoche. Focusing on metaphor, he
expands the traditional definition in a number of steps, thus making room for a newly identified type, grammatical metaphor.
Grammatical metaphor is conceived as an incongruent realization of
a given semantic configuration in the lexicogrammar 1985: 321. This
implies that meaning is transferred from somewhere to somewhere else. The concept of grammatical metaphor depends on the idea that there is a direct
line of form to meaning to experience 1985: xix. As far as Halliday is concerned the lexicogrammar is a natural symbolic system. This means
―...that both the general kinds of grammatical pattern that have evolved in language, and the specific anifestations of each kind, bear a natural relation
to the meanings they have evolved to express‖ Halliday 1985: xviii.
From the perspective of H alliday and Matthiessen‘s systemic
functional grammar, there exists a ―tri-stratal system‖ 1999: 5 composed
of a semantics stratum, a lexicogrammar stratum and a phonology stratum. The first two strata together form the ―content plane‖ 1999: 4 of the tri-
stratal system. At each of these two strata, there exist different components which can map onto each other in one way or another, as shown in the
following figure.
Figure 2.1 Mapping of components
Semantics stratum sequence
figure element
Lexicogrammar stratum clause complex
clause participant
Source: Halliday Matthiessen, 1999: 227
In the figure, the solid lines indicate the usual mapping between the components in the two strata. The discourse thus result is referred to as the
―congruent‖ form Halliday Matthiessen, 1999: 227. The dotted lines, on the other hand, indicate the unusual mapping
between the components and the resulting discourse is referred to as the
―metaphorical‖ form Halliday Matthiessen, 1999: 227. In other words, when a sequence is mapped onto, and thus realized as, a clause complex, a
figure mapped onto and realized as a clause, an element mapped onto and realized as a participant, the resulting clause complex, clause or participant
is congruent. However, when a sequence is mapped onto and realized as a clause or even an element, a figure is mapped onto and realized as a
participant, and an element is mapped onto a participant other than the usual one, the resulting clause or participant is metaphorical. In addition,
according to Halliday, grammatical metaphor itself is classified into ideational and interpersonal grammatical metaphor.
2.5 Ideational Grammatical Metaphor
