0. Introduction 3
•
Chapter 10
investigates the relationship between scenarios and Parkari Verb Phrases and tests the hypothesis that Nonfinal Verb Forms are used for Hearer-old
information.
•
Chapter 11
investigates the relationship between scenarios and Parkari Noun Phrases and tests the hypothesis that salient Hearer-new items are always
identified by a specific salience marker along with the noun, whereas nouns without that salience marker refer to Hearer-old items or nonsalient Hearer-new
items.
•
Chapter 12
identifies various other grammatical forms which refer to Hearer-old information.
•
Chapter 13
explores the link between scenarios and lexical cohesion.
•
Chapter 14
shows how scenario theory can be used in discourse analysis of Parkari texts.
The final section of this study concerns translation, and shows how scenario theory can be used both to identify causes of miscommunication in translation and to provide
possible solutions.
•
Chapter 15
shows how scenario theory helps provide a sound theoretical underpinning for widely accepted translation principles.
•
Chapter 16
investigates the mismatch between scenarios in New Testament Greek and modern Parkari, and gives examples of how this results in
miscommunication.
•
Chapter 17
uses scenario theory to provide a theoretical basis for certain trans- lation principles which can be used to counteract scenario mismatch, and gives
examples of the use of these principles in the Parkari translation of the New Testament.
•
Chapter 18
provides a summary showing the significance of scenario theory for communication, discourse analysis, and translation.
0.4. Conventions used for terminology, transcriptions, and glosses
To distinguish technical terminology from ordinary uses of the same terms, this study uses various conventions. Double quotes are used for the four semantic classes
“event”, “thing”, “attribute”, and “relation”. Initial capitalization is used for specific grammatical and linguistic terms e.g. Present Indicative, Prenuclear Aorist Participle,
Hearer-old, Perfective and Imperfective Aspect, Event, and Process. Full capitalization is used for certain semantic categories such as information status e.g.
NEW, GIVEN
, discourse levels e.g.
PARAGRAPH, EPISODE
and interclausal relationships e.g.
MEANS, RESULT
. This study uses texts and examples from both New Testament Greek and Parkari.
Where only the broad sense is required, I quote in English rather than the original language. The Parkari translation is always my own; the Greek translation is my own
unless acknowledged. Where the focus is on a given lexical item, I quote the original language together with an English gloss for the benefit of those unfamiliar with the
source language. Where the grammatical form of the original text is in focus, I give the original text, a word-level gloss, and a translation, each on separate lines.
Scenarios, Discourse, and Translation 4
For Greek, the word-level gloss uses hyphens between multiple words which trans- late a single Greek word e.g. he-cut, and uses to gloss
δέ and μέν which have no obvious equivalent. In order to clearly indicate the Greek verbal form, Aorist Participles
are glossed “having-verbed” and Present Participles are glossed “verbing”, which does not match the original Aspectual distinction of Perfective and Imperfective, but reflects
their most common pragmatic meaning. The gloss translates case by the pragmatic meaning in context rather than reflecting the form of the Greek and omits case where it
obscures the phrase or clause structure in English.
Parkari texts and examples are given in the International Phonetic Alphabet
IPA
rather than in the Parkari orthography, which uses a modification of the Arabic-based Sindhi script. Hyphens are used to divide Parkari words into morphemes, and the word
level-gloss also uses hyphens between the glosses of each morpheme. Where two English words gloss a single Parkari morpheme they are joined by a full stop, e.g. “just.as”. The
glosses use -P for suffixes marking Person, and -G for suffixes marking Gender, enabling the reader to identify verb forms without focussing on distinctions which are not relevant
to this study. The Parkari texts referred to, together with a list of grammatical morphemes including -P and -G suffixes, are given in full with glosses and translations in appendix
O .
Section 1. Scenarios
6
1. Scenario Theory: An Overview
