Motivation Virginity Definition of Terms

9 Murphy 1972 states that people’s characters and personalities in the novel can be learned and understood by using nine ways 1972: 161-173. a. Personal description The author describe s a person’s appearance, clothes, and gestures in order to describe a person’s character in a novel. b. Character as seen by another The author can describe a person’s character by using other characters’ point of view and judgement about him or her. Thus, the author does not often need to describe the character directly. c. Speech How he or she speaks, responds in a conversation with another, and also states his or her opinion are the ways of the author to describe a person’s character in a novel. d. Past life The author can give a clue to the events which have helped the readers to shape a person’s character. This can be done by direct comment by the author, throug h the person’s thought, through his or her conversation or through the medium of another person. e. Conversation of others Instead of describing a character directly, the author can describe a person’s character by giving a clue to a person’s character through the conversation of other people and the things which they say about him or 10 her. The things which are talked by other people should point a person’s character in a novel. f. Reactions The author can let the readers know about a person’s character by giving a clue how that person reacts to various situations and events. The reactions of a person towards some events will make the readers know the characters of the person through the novel. g. Direct comment The author can describe or comment on a person’s character directly. h. Thoughts The author gives the readers direct knowledge about what a person is thinking about. In this respect, he is able to do what we cannot do in the real life. He tells us how a person is thinking of something. The readers become the secret listeners who listen to an individual’s thought in the novel. i. Mannerism The author describes an individual’s habits, manners, and also politeness which tell the readers about his character in a novel.

3. Theory of Motivation

According to Petri 1981, motivation can be defined as the concept that we use when we describe the strong action on or within an organism to initiate and direct behaviour. He also tells that most people tend to use the concept of motivation to indicate and find out the direction of behaviour. 11 Scott 1963 states that the hidden instincts, memories, ideas, and emotion that exist in the individuals’ mind influence and affect the individuals’ behaviour in all of us in the unconscious way. In other words, what the individuals do and respond in the reality come from their mind unconsciously. The individuals are motivated to reach their goals beyond their consciousness. In some case, the individuals are motivated to protect themselves from their bad experiences.

a. Defense Mechanisms

Defense mechanisms are the psychological defenses that protect an individual from the anxiety, pain, punishment, and unpleasant experiences which happened in the past. Most psychologists believe that the defense is done on an unconscious level. In other words, the individuals are not conscious when they defend themselves from the anxiety, pain, punishment, and bad experience Weiner, 1980, p. 64. Anxiety is one of effects which caused by an individual’s unpleasant or bad experience. Anxiety is often used in psychological terms to explain one of phenomena in psychology. Weiner, Miller and Mowrer n.d. describe anxiety as a reaction to the past experience because the past experience makes the individual feel shock and fear. In addition, the anxiety reaction leads the individual to escape from the situations which bring the individual to his bad experience. Repression is one of the defense mechanisms which is done beyond the consciousness by the individuals to protect themselves from the bad experiences Weiner, 1980. Freud 1934 also stated that repression is the most important and significance defense mechanism because the individuals eliminate their