Problem Formulation Objectives of the Study

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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter consists of two main sections, namely the review of related theories and theoretical framework. In the review of related theories, the researcher reviews the theories related to the study and directly relevant with the study. The last part is the theoretical framework which describes the steps in analysing the study.

A. Review of Related Theories

Some theories which are used in this study to answer the problem formulations which become the focus of this study.

1. Psychological Approach

The psychological approach is an approach which is used to explain the characters behaviour as seen in the novel Rohrberger, 1952. The explanation of the characters behaviour is seen from the psychology side to make the readers understand the characters easily. In addition, this approach has a relation with the literary works because some literary works deal with the issue of psychology. Psychoanalysis is a branch of psychology which deals with unconscious mind. Furthermore, unconsciousness is an area in which an individual hides and represses his deepest fears and desires beyond his consciousness Barry, 2009. Psychoanalysis was firstly introduced and developed by Freud, an Austrian 8 psychologist. Sigmund Freud is also well-known as the father of psychoanalysis because of his finding on theories of psychoanalysis.

2. Theory of Character and Characterisation

A character is one of the most important things in the story. The character is also a device to connect the reader to the story. The reader may know the story well and deeper by seeing their action and dialogue in the story. In addition, Abrams 1985 states that: Characters are the person presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral, and emotional qualities that are expressed in what they say-the dialogue-and what they do-the action 1985: 23. The author makes the story more alive and real by using the characters. The author sometimes makes the characters easier to be understood by the readers. The purpose is to make the characters come out as the real person in the real life to the reader. Furthermore, the author can describe the characters implicitly or explicitly. Not only understand by direct description, but the reader may also understand the characters from their way of speaking and acting in the story. Characterisation is a process when an author creates a character in his literary works Rohrberger et al, 1971. Barnet 2008 also tells that characterisation is a presentation of a character whether it is explained by direct description, the action of the character through the novel, or the presentation of the others character who define each other. It means that the characterisation of each character can be seen from the performance and interaction between the characters in the plot of the story.