11 Scott 1963 states that the hidden instincts, memories, ideas, and emotion
that exist in the individuals’ mind influence and affect the individuals’ behaviour
in all of us in the unconscious way. In other words, what the individuals do and respond in the reality come from their mind unconsciously. The individuals are
motivated to reach their goals beyond their consciousness. In some case, the individuals are motivated to protect themselves from their bad experiences.
a. Defense Mechanisms
Defense mechanisms are the psychological defenses that protect an individual from the anxiety, pain, punishment, and unpleasant experiences which
happened in the past. Most psychologists believe that the defense is done on an unconscious level. In other words, the individuals are not conscious when they
defend themselves from the anxiety, pain, punishment, and bad experience Weiner, 1980, p. 64.
Anxiety is one of effects which caused by an individual’s unpleasant or
bad experience. Anxiety is often used in psychological terms to explain one of phenomena in psychology. Weiner, Miller and Mowrer n.d. describe anxiety as
a reaction to the past experience because the past experience makes the individual feel shock and fear. In addition, the anxiety reaction leads the individual to escape
from the situations which bring the individual to his bad experience. Repression is one of the defense mechanisms which is done beyond the
consciousness by the individuals to protect themselves from the bad experiences Weiner, 1980. Freud 1934 also stated that repression is the most important and
significance defense mechanism because the individuals eliminate their
12 unpleasant experience and cover it with the pleasant experience. In other words,
the individuals try to forget their unpleasant experiences and cover it with the pleasant experience as cited in Weiner, 1980, p. 64-65.
The individuals avoid talking about the topics which will make them remember their bad experiences. In some cases, the individuals’ bad experiences
will make them do the negative action or reaction in the reality Weiner, 1980. For instance, a woman, who becomes a victim of rape, will isolate herself to
interact with others because of her bad experience in the past. Denial is one of defense mechanisms which are the effort to protect the
individuals from pain and bad experience. Weiner 1980 defines denial as a rejection or refusal to accept the situation which makes the individuals remember
their unpleasant experiences. The individuals reject or refuse the existence of this situation consciously. In other words, the unpleasant or bad experiences are
recalled in their mind and make them to avoid the situation which brings them into the similar experiences.
b. Theory of Human Development
Freud 1969 states that an indiv idual’s childhood experience also
influences the individual’s emotion, instinct, and motivation in his behaviour
unconsciously. Erikson 1963 explains about theory of human development which affects
an individual’s identity and motivation unconsciously p. 247-269. He explains the human stages from the infant stage until the adult stage.
