5. Elements of Collaborative Learning
Johnson et al 1990 point out that there are 5 basic elements in collaborative learning. When the elements are applied well, it means the collaborative learning is
going in the right track. Those elements are perceived positive interdependence; considerable interaction; individual accountability and personal responsibility;
social skills, and; group self-evaluation. 1.
Perceived positive interdependence; Team members are obliged to rely on one another to achieve the goal. If any
team members fail to do their part, everyone suffers consequences. Members need to believe that they are linked with others in a way that ensures that they
all succeed together. Positive interdependence is the belief by each individual that there is value in working with other members and that both individual
learning and work products will be better as a result of collaboration.
2. Considerable interaction;
Members help and encourage each other to learn. They do this by explaining what they understand and by gathering and sharing knowledge. Group
members must be done interactively providing one another with feedback, challenging one anothers conclusions and reasoning, and perhaps most
importantly, teaching and encouraging one another.
3. Individual accountability and personal responsibility;
All members in a group are held accountable for doing their share of the work and for mastery of all of the material to be learned.
4. Social skills;
Members are encouraged and helped to develop and practice trust-building, leadership, decision-making, communication, and conflict management skills.
5. Group self-evaluation;
Team members set group goals, periodically assess what they are doing well as a team, and identify changes they will make to function more effectively in
the future.
6. Advantages and Disadvantages of Collaborative Learning
Gunawan 2006, shares the advantages of collaborative learning. They are stated as follow: the sense of care and attention trained, emotional intelligent
trained, sharpening interpersonal intelligent, training teamwork ability, conflict management, deep understanding to what student have learned, and improvement
of motivation and learning circumstances. Meanwhile, Hosnan 2014 summarizes the advantages of collaborative
learning: students can deliberate ideas, students can respect others, students can improve their critical thinking skill and rational thinking, can increase the teamwork
sense, can foster cooperation sense, and the existence of fair competition. Hosnan 2014 states the disadvantage of collaborative learning. They are
students ’ opinions and questions may deviate from the subject matter, need longer
time, their personal traits that want to stand out, otherwise the weak feels inferior, and always relies on others, and conclusions sometimes are difficult to achieve.
Another expert, Gunawan 2006, also states the disadvantages of collaborative learning. First, students who have intelligence above the average will
feel disadvantaged if they do not understand the goal of the collaborative learning. Second, students who have intelligence above the average will be feeling override
because their scores will be defined by group achievements, the last is if the team working does not go well, only some active students will finish the group
assignment.
7. Drama Performance
Drama is a word adapted from the Greek word draomai which means performing an action. According to Tjahjono 1988, drama is a show that contains
the expression of human life society, which is done by the combination action and conversation. Asul 2002 on his book no title states that in a drama
performance,there are some elements which are script, actors players, director, make up, costume, lighting, sound, and audience. Each of these elements has their
respective roles. The elements can not be equal to each other because they are interconnected. If one element is not fulfilled then the show will not run maximally,
it could even fail Play Performance KPE 345 is an obligatory course in English Language
Education Study Program Sanata Dharma University. ELESP offers this course in fifth or sixth semester. In this course, the students are to create a product of
performance. By the end of the semester, the drama performance is performed outside the campus.
B. Theoretical Framework
Each ELESP student is trained to become a professional, and having good characteristics English teacher. To build a good characteristic, the English
Department has an obligatory course called Play Performance. On the Play Performance course, students are expected to improve the
intelligence and character through learning activities for approximately 5 months. The learning activity is carried out by the method of collaborative learning. In this
research, the focus of this research is to answer one problem: To what extent did the students develop collaborative skills through Play Performance course?
Kategori