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b. Borg and Gall
In this research, the researcher also used research and development approach by adapting Bo
rg and Gall’s model of development. According to Borg and Gall 1983, educational research and development
is “a process used to develop and validate educational products” p. 772. The steps of this process refer
to R D cycle. According to Borg and Gall 1983, there are ten major steps in R D p.
775. The first step involves research and information collecting or needs analysis. It includes a review of literature, classroom observations, and preparation of report
of state of the art. The second and third steps consist of planning and develop preliminary form of product. Planning includes defining skills, stating objectives,
determining course sequence, and making small scale feasibility testing. Developing preliminary form of product includes the preparation of instructional
materials, handbooks, and evaluating devices. Then, the fourth step involves preliminary field testing. It includes the interview and questionnaires. The fifth and
sixth steps conduct main product revision and main field testing. Main product revision uses quantitative data on subjects’ course as the evaluation. Operational
product revision is done in the seventh step. It is the revision of product as suggested by main field-test result. Next, the eighth and ninth steps involve operational field
testing and final product revision. The last step involves dissemination and implementation. It is a report of product at professional meeting and journals.
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2. The Nature of Writing
a. Definition of Writing
Writing is one of the skills that has to be mastered in learning languages, including English. Harmer 2004 states that writing is a mental and learning
process p. v. Jacob 1981 specifies that i n the school, students’ writing ability
refers to the students’ competence in applying the components of writing including content, organization, vocabulary, language use grammar, and mechanism p. 60.
In other words, writing skill is the ability to discover and organize ideas into written form arranged in a particular order and linked together in certain ways by using
appropriate conventions including content, organization, vocabulary, language use grammar, and mechanics.
In addition, Tiedt 1981 states that “Writing is a method of expressing ideas
about any subject content” p. 1. Writing is an interesting activity where someone PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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