52 with a less permanent structure wood walls, floor, and window. Finally, those loading highest on component
four cupboard, chairs and modern stove are furnishings usually associated with a modern house. Component scores
representing the position of each household on each
component were created for each household. The
component scores are the sum of the component coefficients
times the sample standardized variables. These coefficients
are proportional to the component loadings. Hence,
items with high positive loadings contribute more
strongly to a positive component score than those
with low or negative loadings. Nevertheless, all items
contribute or subtract from the score; hence, items with
moderately high loadings on more than one component
e.g., tin roof and concrete wall in the analysis presented
here will contribute at a moderate level, although
differently, to the component scores associated with each of the components. This type of component score provides the best representation of the data. In this paper, for this data we will refer to these scores as Material
Style of Life MSL Component Scores. They are standardized scores with a mean of zero and a standard deviation of one.
4.2.2 Cross Community Analyses of Changes in Material Style of Life
The question for monitoring concerns whether or not project activities have impacted the natural and human environment to the extent that the changes have influenced the level of livelihood and, subsequently, the
material style of life in the project communities. As a means of testing for this impact, mean component scores for each component are calculated
for each time period in the project and control villages table 37.
Difference of means tests Student’s t-test indicate that the
appliances and furnishings principal component scores
increased statistically significantly in the project communities. Only
the change in the furnishings score is statistically significant in
the control villages. Overall, the results indicate that changes in material style of life were greater in the project villages, a result suggesting positive project impacts.
As a next step in the analysis we examine factors related to MSL within the project and control villages. First we examine correlations between the independent variables discussed above and MSL
component scores during the post-evaluation. The results of this analysis are in table 38. Years formal education and living in a project village are positively correlated with the appliances component. Although
Table 36. Principal component analysis of material style of life variables.
Modern Structure Permanent
Variable Furnishings Appliances Structure Furniture Bamboo wall -0.777 -0.007 -0.065 -0.231
Nipa roof -0.720 -0.078 -0.332 -0.157 Dirt floor -0.718 -0.070 0.130 0.045
Open window -0.709 -0.255 0.038 0.077 Glass windows 0.674 0.253 0.286 0.115
Concrete floor 0.615 0.003 0.378 0.318 Concrete wall 0.613 0.104 0.604 0.161
Tin roof 0.604 0.024 0.386 0.358 Satellite dish TV 0.083 0.671 0.074 -0.076
Television 0.235 0.645 0.065 0.150 Refrigerator 0.004 0.580 0.002 0.009
Fan 0.008 0.534 0.026 0.035 Radio cassete 0.159 0.500 -0.015 0.316
Wooden walls -0.002 -0.162 -0.697 0.311 Wooden floor -0.111 0.028 -0.680 -0.198
Cupboard 0.172 0.209 0.118 0.668 Chairs 0.120 -0.085 0.040 0.649
Modern stove 0.139 0.344 0.062 0.562 Cabinet 0.451 0.393 0.052 0.280
Electricity 0.461 0.134 -0.095 0.278 Livingroom set 0.424 0.356 0.076 0.128
Indoor toilet 0.245 0.462 0.235 0.095 Wooden windows -0.020 -0.072 -0.481 -0.070
Percent Variance 19.709 11.326 9.369 8.649
Table 37. Mean MSL component scores for project and control sites for 2 time periods baseline and final-evaluation.
Project Control
1997 2002___ t-test 1997 2002_t-test Modern
-0.009 0.131 1.426 -0.080 0.000 0.675 Appliances
-0.070 0.143 2.198 -0.004 -0.066 0.514 Structure
-0.036 -0.048 0.112 -0.005 -0.087 0.736 Furniture -0.688 0.609 15.902-0.226 0.566 6.422
N 283 160 161 125_____ __ = P0.001 = p0.05
53 statistically significant, the correlation
with project village is rather weak. Relative dependence on fishing or
farming as a source of household income is negatively related to this
component, suggesting that other occupations have a greater influence on
ability to purchase the appliances included in the component. Permanent
house structure is positively correlated with age, being a Christian, and degree
of dependence on farming. It is negatively correlated with degree of
dependence on fishing. Although statistically significant, these correlations are relatively weak.
Perhaps it would be more revealing to examine the relationships of these variables within the project villages. We also examine the relationships between the MSL component scores and the project participation
and knowledge variables. In this analysis, the specific project villages are also used as dummy variables to determine if there are any inter-village differences in MSL component scores. The results of this analysis are in
Table 39.
While only one of the project variables, the Project
Knowledge Index, is statistically significantly correlated with two
of the MSL component scores, all the non-project variables are
correlated with at least one. Years of formal education,
household size, and living in Tumbak are positively related to
the modern house component score. Religious preference,
degree of dependence on farming, project knowledge, and
living in Blongko are negatively related to this component.
Years of formal education and residing in Bentenan are positively related to the appliances component score, while degree of dependence on farming and living in Talise manifest negative correlations. Village is
one of the important correlates of the permanent structure component. Talise and Bentenan are positively correlated with this component, while Tumbak manifests a negative correlation. Other variables statistically
significantly correlated with the permanent structure component are degree of dependence on fishing negative and household size and Christian both positive. Finally, only one variable is statistically significantly
correlated with the furniture component—Blongko. Residents of Blongko tend to score higher on the furnishings component.
Stepwise multiple regression, as discussed above, is used to determine the combinations of independent variables that impact MSL component scores in the project villages. Results of these analyses are
in table 40. Five independent variables account for 7 percent of the variance in the modern house component. Education, age and household size contribute positively to this component score, while dependence on farming
and project knowledge contribute negatively. Overall, the amount of variance explained in this component by the 5 independent variables is quite small, but statistically significant.
Fifteen percent of the variance in the appliances component score is accounted for by four independent variables—education, living in Bentenan, project knowledge all 3 positive, and relative dependence on
Table 38. Correlations between independent variables and MSL component scores in project and control villages.
Modern Appliance
Structure Furniture Education
0.079 0.330
0.050 0.012
Gender male -0.005
0.009 -0.014
-0.010 Age
0.052 -0.053
0.136 0.044
Christian -0.015
-0.020 0.094
-0.018 Project village
0.076 0.099
0.018 0.028
Household size 0.077
0.030 -0.031
-0.031 Fishing
-0.076 -0.167
-0.172 0.024
Farming -0.050
-0.113 0.123
-0.014 N=570 =p0.001 =p0.01 =p0.05
Table 39. Correlations between independent variables and MSL component scores in project villages.
Modern Appliance
Structure Furniture
Education 0.124
0.315 0.046
-0.023 Age
0.049 -0.050
0.117 0.057
Christian -0.122
-0.038 0.143
0.090 Household size
0.141 0.031
-0.068 -0.030
Fishing 0.017
-0.094 -0.136
0.007 Farming
-0.158 -0.149 0.110
0.012 Proj. participation
0.051 0.094
0.001 0.033
Level participation 0.078
-0.027 -0.001
0.056 Proj. Knowledge
-0.115 0.179
0.072 0.048
MPA knowledge -0.081
0.068 -0.041
0.036 Blongko
-0.142 -0.028
-0.092 0.162
Talise -0.051
-0.125 0.220
-0.079 Bentenan
0.049 0.218
0.211 -0.076
Tumbak 0.144
-0.065 -0.339
-0.007 N=320 =p0.001 =p0.01 =p0.05
54 farming negative. Once again, the total amount of variance explained is rather small, but statistically
significant. Finally, three variables account for 17 percent of the variance in the permanent structure component: residence in Blongko or Tumbak both negative and project knowledge positive. As with the
other regression analyses, the amount of variance explained is minimal, but statistically significant.
4.2.3 Within Community Analyses of Changes in Material Style of Life
