Boyongpante Blongko control site

36 not even heard of the program, despite the fact that the village secretary said that fishers formed most of the participants.

3.3.4 Boyongpante Blongko control site

POPULATION: The village population was reported as 1912 in 2000. In 2002 the population dropped to 1852. The new Hukum Tua had no explanation for the change. She said that it was, perhaps, due to deaths and some people leaving. OCCUPATIONS: Rank importance of occupations in Boyongpante are found in table 10. Farming remains the most important source of household income with fishing ranking second. There are no pajeko, funai, beach seines or other large gears deployed by village fishers. Perhaps the most advanced gear is represented by 3 boats with compressors. The first was introduced by a fisher from Bolongmongondo who moved to Boyongpante last year 2001. Early this year, two more compressors were added to the fleet. One is owned by a Blongko fisher, but he hires his crew and fishes from Boyongpante. He was originally from Boyongpante, but he moved to Blongko when he married to a woman from there. Two of the compressor boats employ 6 spear fishers jubi each, targeting reef fish. The other targets lobster, which are held in a small cage anchored just off shore, until there is a sufficient number to justify a trip to Manado where they are sold. This boat is used for jubi when not targeting lobster. Reportedly, there are no other new gears being used in the fishery. As a matter of fact, there has been a substantial decrease in the katinting, a relatively new improvement in the fleet. From a high of about 100 reports varied between 50 and 100 in 2000, there are now less than 50--one informant said 20. Whatever the amount of decrease, there are now roughly 50 percent or fewer katinting today than two years ago. Other gears, e.g., nets, hook and line, etc. have, reportedly changed little. They are simply now being deployed from unmotorized londe. This change is allegedly attributed to a poor cakalang season, which some fishers blame on the amount captured by pajeko gear mini purse seine. The londe used the katinting to travel for almost six hours out to sea to fish for cakalang around a FAD deployed by a pajeko owner. In addition to fewer fish, some fishers report that the pajeko are fishing the FADs more frequently, thus denying them access. A final, convincing reason provided is that the haze and smoke associated with the El Nino weather obscures the hills and mountains the fishers use for navigation to and from the FAD, which is relatively far out in the ocean. Traditional use rights and share systems for FADs in Minahasa are discussed in more detail in the Appendices. However, at this time, it is not recommended that any policies or formalization of FAD management systems be pursued. NEW PROJECTS The Hukum Tua reported only two government projects since 2000. One is an Agriculture Department project directed at cultivation of rambutan, a tree which bears a popular fruit. It involved a water system for irrigation that the Hukum Tua hopes can later involve drinking water. A small kiosk was also provided to sell the fruit at the side of the Trans-Sulawesi Highway. The other government project provided 10 million Rp, 5 million for a cooperative store and 5 million for a rotating fund, which provides small business loans at low interest rates. The Kepala Jaga from Jaga 1 reported that some walkway was constructed since 2000. The Hukum Tua said that there were no environmental conservation programs of any type. Nevertheless, Boyongpantes dark pebble beach is practically litter free. Some illegal fishing, however, has been reported bomb and cyanide, but it is attributed to fishers from elsewhere, ...possibly Amurang. A new set of village ordinances, initiated by the former Hukum Tua, which have not been implemented and are in the process of revision, includes an environmental and a fishery ordinance among the 9 ordinances. The Table 10. Percent distribution of occupations in Boyongpante 2002. OCCUPATION 1st 2nd 3rd 4th TOTAL FISHING 10 40 15 5 70 GLEANING -- -- 15 -- 15 TRADE FISH 5 10 5 -- 20 FARMING 65 30 -- -- 95 OTHER 20 10 -- -- 30 TOTAL 100 90 35 5 N= 20 37 environmental ordinance states that the community has an obligation to conserve the environment and has sections prohibiting tree cutting or removal of other living things from protected forest, watersheds and mangrove areas. There are provisions for fines 50,000Rp and possible confiscation of gear used. The fishery ordinance prohibits the usual illegal, bomb, cyanide, and electrode fishing in both fresh and marine waters. Here the fine is only 25 thousand Rp, but there is also a definite provision for confiscation and destruction of gear.

3.3.5 Rumbia Bentenan and Tumbak control village