35 39
the taxi which is waiting outside 19a the taxi waiting outside
19b the taxi outside
Greenbaum, 1989, p.366 In the sentence 19, it is obvious that the noun phrase is followed by finite
clause which is indicated in the explicit tense, is. When the explicit tense is reduced, the noun phrase is no longer followed by finite clause. It becomes non-
finite –ing clause as indicated to sentence 10a. It seems that the reduction could be less explicit in post-noun modification as indicated to sentence 10b which the
verb and the tense are absent. It is further added that the reduction in explicitness in the noun phrase is related to linguistic and situational context, which typically,
a progression from ‘more explicit’ to ‘less explicit’ in a discourse Quirk et al., 1985, p.1243.
5. X-bar Theory
Dwijatmoko delineates X-bar theory as the theory for the formation of phrases which has a universal value that applies to all types of phrases 2002, p.5.
In this formation, the letter X can stand for the notion N Noun, V Verb, A Adjective, P Preposition, or any category depending on the iterating
construction. Poole states that the notice of the X’ level enables the repetition or iteration of the notion as many times as necessary 2002, p.40. The process of
this repetition is called as the maximal projections.
36 Radford argues that the maximal projections can function as non head
terms in a rule which maximally generalized by formulating the phrases uniquely in terms of category variables and level variables 1988, p.279. Through those
terms, the internal of constituent structure of phrases can be expanded into an X- bar by the addition of a set of Complements, by the preceding attribute and
following adjuncts, and a specifier phrase. The relationship of those elements can be depicted into the following phrase structure.
As noted in that phrase structure, there are four elements of a phrase to be formulated based on the rules of the phrase formation Dwijatmoko, 2002, p.8.
The phrase rule formations are: a.
X” → YP X’ Specification Rule
b. X’
→ YP X’ Attributed Rule c.
X’ → X’ YP Adjunction Rule
d. X’
→ X YP Complementation Rule XP X”
Specifier X’
X’ Adjunct
Attribute X’
X Complement
