Pre-noun modification Noun Phrase

20 11 Something strange happened last night. 12 Lobster Newburg is difficult to prepare. Greenbaum Quirk, 1997, p.379 A post-modification can be classified into restrictive or non-restrictive. When the head can be viewed as a member of a class which is linguistically identified only through the modification is called restrictive. Whereas, when the head can be viewed as a member of a class that has been independently identified is called non-restrictive. It provides additional information and not essential for any modification which modifies the noun Greenbaum Quirk, 1997, p.364. The following examples distinguish the function of post-modification in a noun phrase structure. 13 The woman who is standing in the corner is Michelle Obama. 14 Mr. Lee, whom I met yesterday, needs to meet you now. From the examples above, it can be analyzed that sentence 13 is restrictive. It is indicated that the relative clause functioned as an identification of the noun headword. It helps the speakers in specifying the topic. As obvious from sentence 14 which is non-restrictive, the commas are used to provide additional information and not necessary to identify the noun it modifies. When the relative clause is omitted from the sentence 14, it may not change the meaning of the sentence. In conclusion, noun phrase comprises a head and elements which modify the head. The elements may be adjectives, complement, determiners, nouns, non- finite clauses, prepositional phrases, and relative clauses. Those elements may be 21 classified into three potential parts which are determinative, pre-noun modification, and post-noun modification. Since post-noun modification is often combined or comprised all items mentioned above, it may function to identify a specific subset.

3. Types of Post-noun Modification and its pattern

Similar to Quirk et al. 1985, Kolln Funk 1990 state that the post head word position in the noun phrase may contain modifiers of many forms which appear in the following order: Based on the figure 2.1, it can be interpreted that the noun headword is firstly post-modified by the post-noun modifier, prepositional phrase. It is further iterated by participial phrase and relative clause. The detail explanation of these structures will be described as presented as follows: Det HEADWORD Prepositional Phrase Participial Phrase Relative Clauses the people from Toledo living near my sister who own the candy store on Main Street