12
7 Direct comment
The author can describe or comment on a person’s character directly. 8
Thoughts The author can give us direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about. In
this respect, he is able to do what we cannot do in real life. He can tell us what different people are thinking.
9 Mannerism
The author can describe a person’s mannerism and habits which may also tell us something about his character
2. Critical Approaches
To understand any kind of literary work in more details, readers should use a critical approach. A critical approach provides a method for the readers to
gain a higher value of understanding of the work being read. In short we can say that it brings us a better understanding of its nature, function, and positive values.
There are five approaches suggested by Rohrberger and Woods, Jr 6-15 that can be used to analyze works of literature. First is the formalist approach.
This approach examines the literary without reference to facts of the author’s life, without reference to the genre or in literary history, and without reference in
which the literary object takes place. When critics employ this approach, they concentrate on the total integrity of the literary works. Second is the biographical
approach. When analysts of literature use the biographical approach in order to judge literary works, they perceive the importance of acknowledging the author’s
personal life for a deep understanding to his or her writing. In this approach the
13
author’s life, idea and personality are considered to be important elements in studying literary work. Third is the socialcultural – historical approach. This
approach asserts the socialcultural – historical back ground in which the literary work is created influences that literary object. Fourth is the mythopoeic approach.
When the major interest of critic is the mythopoeic approach, he or she attempts to find particular recurrent patterns of human thought, which are considered sharing
the same universal belief to certain community mind. The patterns, generally, involve death and rebirth, guilt and sacrifices, primitive rites, or patterns of
behavior basic to Christian theology. The last is the psychological approach. When the analyst employs this approach he or she insists that each character’s
behavior could be referred to the psychology of human being. So the characters’ thought and behavior can be traced more profoundly by using this approach. To
analyze the novel, the reader response approach is also used. It is used to know the reader’s response and opinion on this novel.
3. Marriage
