human thought, which are considered sharing the same universal belief to certain community.
The psychological approach focuses on the psychological side of human being. Feldmen states one important branch of psychology is developmental
psychology 21-22. It studies consistency and change in people’s behavior and the characteristics that distinguish people. Personality changes also one of the
samples of psychological side.
B. Review of Related Studies
There is a study which discusses the same novel A Thousand Splendid Suns. The title of the study is The Influence of Jalil, Rasheed, and Laila on Mariam’s
Personality Changes in Khaled Hosseini’s A Thousand Splendid Suns. The study discusses the characters in the novel and personality changes. The previous study
discussed some characters on the novel and the personality changes of one particular character. Meanwhile in this study, I discuss the history of Afghanistan
and the effects of regimes to the characters in the novel. Therefore, this study is significantly different from the previous study and can enrich discussion regarding
the novel.
C. Review of Regime Changes in Afghanistan
1. Soviet Union
According to M. Hasan Kakar, “twice in the 1970s the Afghans were outraged: in 1978 by the communist coup, and in 1979 by the Russian
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invasion” 95. Soviet Union came to Afghanistan on 27
th
April 1978 and the troops and tanks moved into Kabul. President Daoud and his family were
killed in the presidential palace. Then Nur Muhammad Taraki became the President of the Revolutionary Council under controlled of communist
regime.
Meredith wrote in her book, Soviet Union officially invaded Afghanistan since 1979 until 1988 126. In 1978, Soviet Union had not fully invaded in
Afghanistan but there was a Party which under controlled of communist regime. When Soviet Union began the invasion, Hafizullah Amin had a major
role. M. Hasan Kakar 32 states that in the early time of Amin’s rule, Kabul was having a great enthusiastic about Soviet Union and adopted the new
slogan that was friendship with the Soviet Union as an integral part of “Afghan Patriotism”. Afghanistan people wish to get the economic assistance
as well as military aid. The government was wishing to have a good relationship with Moscow. The irony of Soviet Union invasion was that
Afghanistan government who requested Soviet Union to come to Afghanistan
to give the government support against the rebellion.
Kabul is a cosmopolitan city or it can be said as modern city. Many educated women live in Kabul because they were allowed to work side by
side with men. Kabul also had a large number of schools and higher educational institutions. M. Hasan kakar states that in 1959 women were
allowed to unveil 9. The unveiling had a good response because the number of educated women who mostly worked as teachers, nurses and midwives had
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been increasing. Shaista Wahab and Barry Youngerman 162 explain that Soviet Union gave the opportunity for people to have an education because
they wanted to reeducate the young generation in Soviet beliefs and values. The curriculums of the school were written for all levels. The students also
had to attend the political classes and had to learn Russian.
When Soviet Union invades in Afghanistan, the first city that they controlled was Kabul. At that time, Afghanistan named as the People’s
Democratic Party of Afghanistan PDPA. The government was divided along partisan, including the Khalq faction against the Parcham. The Khalq
party implemented the Marxist ideas. They measured the concept of instituting educational requirements for both men and women. The reforms
also included the marriage rules, by banning the forced marriages and
minimum age of marriage.
Even though Kabul had great enthusiasm with Soviet Union regime, but people in rural areas could not accept the changes. That was why Mujahideen
was formed. The Mujahideen also took part in rising up Soviet Union. The Mujahideen acted as local rulers. The success of the Mujahideen meant an
increase in their numbers. A tragic aspect of the situation was the destruction of schools, which were destroyed with no remorse. From this moment, there
was a war between Mujahideen and Soviet Union. Kabul seemed like a war zone. There were many people from both sides killed. The Soviet invasion
disturbed Afghan society greatly.
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2. Mujahideen
