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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In conducting this study, I present a theory and some reviews which are relevant to the analysis of the novel. This chapter consists of four sections to be
discussed: review of related theories, review of related studies, review of regime changes in Afghanistan, review on the historical background, and theoretical
framework. Review of related theories reveals the theories which are applied in conducting the study. Review of related studies explains the previous study with
the similar novel. Review on the historical background reveals the socio-historical approach which is employed. Theoretical framework explains how the theories are
applied in the analysis of this study.
A. Theory of Critical Approach
To have a reasonable judgment of the study, it is better to understand the nature, the function and the benefit of the critical approach. As Rohrberger and
Woods state in their book, literature is said to have an aesthetic value 10. The aesthetic value brings the aesthetic response in which the readers give an
evaluative judgment to the work of literature. Rohrberger and Woods state that in order to have a reasonable judgment, the writer need to employ a means which is
called a critical approach 10. There are five approaches to literary works that are mentioned by Rohrberger and Woods, namely The Formalist Approach, The
Biographical Approach, The Sociocultural-Historical Approach, The Mythopoeic Approach, and The Psychological Approach.
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The Formalist Approach focuses on the literary work. This approach concentrates on the work without paying attention to the relevance of sociological,
biographical, and historical information. The formalist approach criticizes only to the elements the literary works. The focuses are also on the demonstrating the
harmonious involvement of all parts to the whole and on pointing out how meaning is derived from structure and how matters or technique determine
structure. In the biographical approach, the writer should appreciate the ideas and
personality of the author and the biographical provisions of works. Therefore, we must know the author’s life to understanding his writings better 8. This approach
is seeking the ideas, personality, and life of the author. The sociocultural-historical approach focuses on the civilization and its effect
to the society and culture. This approach insists people to have fully understanding about the society. It leads to the conclusion that the only way to
locate the real work is in reference to the civilization that produces it. Rohrberger says, “Literature is a criticism of life that affects men in society, and that great
literature express the values of order, restraint, and human dignity” 10. It means that a literary work may appear in a society. People believe that social, cultural,
and historical background cannot be separated from the literary work. The past event represents the present or future life. A past event cannot be erased but enrich
both present and future life. The mythopoeic approach is an approach that uses myth to analyze the
literary works. The mythopoeic approach try to find certain recurrent patterns of
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human thought, which are considered sharing the same universal belief to certain community.
The psychological approach focuses on the psychological side of human being. Feldmen states one important branch of psychology is developmental
psychology 21-22. It studies consistency and change in people’s behavior and the characteristics that distinguish people. Personality changes also one of the
samples of psychological side.
B. Review of Related Studies