The Learning Stages in the Literacy Cycle

15 One is able to reconstruct the context of situation because there is a systematic connection between context and text. The wordings of texts simultaneously encode three sorts of meaning: ideational, personal, and textual Gerot Wignell, 1995, p. 12. Ideational meanings are sense about phenomena - about objects, people, events, what goings on and the circumstances. These meanings are comprehended in wordings throughout participants, processes and conditions; they are also influenced by the field of discourse; Interpersonal meanings are meanings which express a speaker’s manner and judgments. These are meanings for performing ahead and among others. Meanings are understood in wordings throughout mood and modality, they are also influenced by tenor at discourse; and Textual meanings state the relation of language to its surroundings, including both the verbal situation - what has been said or written before and the non-verbal, situational setting context. These meanings are understood through patterns of theme and cohesion. Textual meanings are most influenced by mode of discourse. According to Gerot and Wignell 1995, p. 103 in English, the theme can be recognized as those elements which appear first in the clause, while cohesion Halliday 1976, p. 6 is the grammatical and lexical relationship inside a text or sentence. Cohesion can be defined as the links that hold a text together and give it meaning. Gerot and Wignell 1995, p. 170 have expressed a similar view that refers to the resources inside language that present continuity in a text. It consists of references, lexical cohesion and conjunction. Gerot and Wignell 1995, p. 170 say that reference refers to systems which establish the characteristics of participants through text. There are three main 16 distinctions: whether the participant is being stated for the first time in the text or whether it is a following mention, reference is to a general group or to a specific character and reference is comparative or not. Gerot and Wignell 1995, p. 177 point out lexical cohesion refers to interaction between and among words in a text, while conjunction is the semantic organization where speakers tell clauses in terms of chronological order, comparison, and addition. It means that a word that connects parts of a sentence, for example little conjunction or coordinating conjunction, such as the acronyms FANBOYS: For- And-Nor-But-Or-Yet-So. Thus, the whole text also needs to be coherent, that is, various parts of the text have to work together conceptually in the particular rhetorical context Schmitt, 2002, p. 257.

4. Recounts Text Type

a. Definition of Recounts Text Type

According to Doyle 2004, p. 57, recount is a text type which is spoken or written relating of events that happened in the past. There are two main kinds of recount, namely Personal recount which describes events that the writer was personally involved in, personal recount with funny ending is kind of personal recount usually retells an experience in which the writer was personally involved in; and Factual recount which records particular event that the writer might or might not have been involved, historical recount is a variant of the factual recount biography.

b. Purpose of Recount with Funny Ending

Gerot and Wignell 1995, p. 194 and Mukarto, Sujatmiko, Josephine, and Kiswara 2007, p. 203 note that Recount with funny ending is used to retell events 17 or experiences for the purpose of informing and mainly to entertain the audience or readers.

c. Generic Structure of Recount with Funny Ending

Mukarto et al. 2007, p. 203 and Gerot and Wignell 1995, p. 194 note that the generic structure of Recount with Funny Ending is • Orientation : sets the recounts in time and place • Series of events: : It presents events chronologically • Re-orientation : closure of writer’s opinion regarding events described

d. Linguistic or Generic Features of Recount with Funny Ending

Personal Recount Text Type • The title of the text. • The purpose of this text: to inform and mainly entertain by retelling past eventsexperiences. Contextual factors • Subject matter Field – focus on individual, events, places. • Roles and relationships between writer and reader Tenor The nature of the relationship between the writer and the readers. • Mode The mode for all these texts is written. Textual Features • Generic structure Orientation Series of events Re-orientation – consist of humorous activity or situation • Vocabulary Associated with the subject matter or field. The language used can be emotive to describe the eventsexperiences. • Grammar Verb type: Action or doing verbs; Verbal or saying verbs, Mental – to do with thinking, feeling. Verb form tense: The tense of the verb that is past tense. • Likely functions and associated grammar and vocabulary Language functions Signalfeatures Telling about the past lived Cause-effect due to, because of, as a result Expressing sequence first, next, finally Hardy, 1990, p. 26