Factors Creating Perceptual Difficulty

14 Context Text Semantics Lexicogrammar meaning wordings Field Ideational Transitivity what’s going on Processes, Participants, Circumstances Tenor Interpersonal Mood and Modality social speech roles, attitudes relations Mode Textual Theme, Cohesion contextual coherence cohesion and coherence in a text, and the teacher presents exercises which compare text structure and other features of the model with other examples of the text type. In deconstructing the text, the students should understand the text which is affected by a number of things as it is shown in Figure 2.1 Figure 2.1: The Relationship between Context, Meanings, and wording from Gerot and Wignell, 1995, p. 15 Gerot and Wignell 1995, p. 2 reveal that grammar is a theory of language, of how language is composed and how it works. More essentially, it is the learning of wordings. In several theories of grammar, lexicogrammar is called as syntax which is studied separately from semantics. A theory of grammar or language is required to recognize how text works. Teachers need to know how texts work so they are able to unambiguously help students to comprehend and create written texts in various contexts. 15 One is able to reconstruct the context of situation because there is a systematic connection between context and text. The wordings of texts simultaneously encode three sorts of meaning: ideational, personal, and textual Gerot Wignell, 1995, p. 12. Ideational meanings are sense about phenomena - about objects, people, events, what goings on and the circumstances. These meanings are comprehended in wordings throughout participants, processes and conditions; they are also influenced by the field of discourse; Interpersonal meanings are meanings which express a speaker’s manner and judgments. These are meanings for performing ahead and among others. Meanings are understood in wordings throughout mood and modality, they are also influenced by tenor at discourse; and Textual meanings state the relation of language to its surroundings, including both the verbal situation - what has been said or written before and the non-verbal, situational setting context. These meanings are understood through patterns of theme and cohesion. Textual meanings are most influenced by mode of discourse. According to Gerot and Wignell 1995, p. 103 in English, the theme can be recognized as those elements which appear first in the clause, while cohesion Halliday 1976, p. 6 is the grammatical and lexical relationship inside a text or sentence. Cohesion can be defined as the links that hold a text together and give it meaning. Gerot and Wignell 1995, p. 170 have expressed a similar view that refers to the resources inside language that present continuity in a text. It consists of references, lexical cohesion and conjunction. Gerot and Wignell 1995, p. 170 say that reference refers to systems which establish the characteristics of participants through text. There are three main